Comercio internacional del papel: guía para EDigital S.A. para la importación de papel desde los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica
Fecha
2019
Autores
Rodríguez Cordero, Aurea Victoria
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Las importaciones representan un factor importante del comercio internacional y la economía del país. El comercio es considerado un motor fundamental para el dinamismo económico; las exportaciones y las importaciones son dos factores que reconocen a Costa Rica como parte del comercio mundial. Las importaciones permiten traer al país no solo bienes y servicios, sino también expandir los horizontes como país y mantenerse a la vanguardia en diferentes ramas de la tecnología, arte, ciencia y comunicación, entre otros.
En algunas ocasiones, las importaciones son consideradas un riesgo, pero si se realiza un estudio de mercado y costos se puede obtener un mejor provecho sobre la inversión de importar en vez seguir comprando localmente. ¿Cuáles riesgos hay que considerar como algunos de los comunes, transportes internos como internacional, el tipo de cambio monetario?, que, por ser fluctuante, en muchas ocasiones, puede llegar a perjudicar o beneficiar la compra. El marco jurídico no está lejos de ser considerado uno de los más vistos por las inconformidades en las entregas por tiempos, o por calidad de lo solicitado al no cumplir con las expectativas.
El comprador cada vez es más exigente en las compras y desea tener lo que le sea más práctico, innovador y lo último del mercado, aquí es donde las importaciones juegan un papel importante en la dinámica del comercio al aumentar los estándares de calidad y la competitividad en un mercado. Se importan en su mayoría los artículos que el país no provee o que en el exterior tengan un precio inferior.
Los tratados de libre comercio (TLC) han permitido mejorar el trato en los impuestos y, por ende, a importar o exportar a mejores precios, pues las compras se realizan directamente con los fabricantes en muchas oportunidades y no se requieren de intermediarios, al menos que sea por mediode contratos de exclusividad. Como en todo existen excepciones.
Al integrarse Costa Rica a la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) se abrieron las puertas para la regulación del comercio y hubo confianza para realizar intercambios comerciales respaldados por un organismo que hace valer los acuerdos o pactos entre los países ratificantes. Los países miembros deben cumplir normas y regulaciones comerciales que permitan el trato igualitario entre los países al frenar la corrupción y promover las buenas prácticas del comercio y contar con un mecanismo de arbitraje internacional en casos de controversias.
La misión de la OMC es velar por una fluidez en los intercambios comerciales. Costa Rica, al
ser miembro activo, cuenta con el respaldo de los acuerdos comerciales como: acuerdos multilaterales en lo sanitario y fitosanitario,obstáculos técnicos al comercio, respeto a la propiedad intelectual, agricultura, medidas «antidumping», subvenciones y medidas compensatorias, salvaguardas y en la solución de diferencias. El ser miembro activo ha permitido enfrentar incluso a grandes potencias como en el caso que hubo en contra Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (E.E.U.U) por un asunto de textiles, en donde Costa Rica presentó una demanda en contra de la potencia norteamericana, quien tuvo que respetar los derechos por la resolución favorable de la OMC hacia los costarricenses. Al ser el comercio de carácter mundial, se vio la necesidad de estandarizar términos, especificaciones y conceptos para una correcta comunicación global que cierre las puertas a malas interpretaciones locales, o sea un lenguaje común comercial. Esta nomenclatura uniforme fue propuesta en 1959 por el Consejo deCooperación Aduanera y
se denominó Nomenclatura Arancelaria de Bruselas y para 1983 se creó el Sistema Armonizado de Designación y Codificación de Mercancías nombrado Arancel de Aduanas; este fue un instrumento de la Organización Mundial de Aduanas (O.M.A) que es un organismo intergubernamental independiente. La misión de la O.M.A. es buscar un ambiente honesto, transparente y previsible que contribuya al bienestar económico de los miembros, de manera que se sientan respaldados y se dé un desarrollo del comercio internacional sin dificultades y dentro de un marco de legalidad, que estimule la eficacia en la administración de aduanas a nivel mundial, por medio de la promoción de instrumentos que unifiquen los procedimientos haciendo más eficiente y transparente el trasiego de mercancías por los diferentes medios de transporte y fronteras.
Se busca incrementar los esfuerzos por cumplir la legislación por medio de la cooperación entre miembros y otras organizaciones con la finalidad de combatir las infracciones y delitos. A la vez ayuda para que los miembros se sientan acompañados en el proceso de negociación por medio de la comunicación y cooperación entre ellos y con las demás organizaciones, todo con el fin de establecer una transparencia en la gestión administrativa aduanera y de las mejores prácticas en el intercambio de bienes. La O.M.A. facilita instrumentos y protocolos a los países miembros para promover el control gubernamental y asegurar los ingresos fiscales que respalden la legislación nacional, aseguren y protejan la sociedad. La influencia y eficacia de los procedimientos aduaneros promueven la competitividad económica de las naciones en el comercio internacional.
La competitividad obliga a que el comercio y las inversiones internacionales se muevan hacia países con eficacia y facilidades en los trámites que disminuyan tiempo y agilicen papeleos y en donde reciban la ayuda burocrática en los casos en los que requieran. Esta disposición estatal facilita a los empresarios trámites ágiles y ciertas garantías de que no se les impondrán barreras burocráticas o técnicas que retrasen el ingreso o salida de sus mercancías. La O.M.A.se encuentra integrado por varios comités a donde los miembros puedan acudir para aclarar o presentar dudas y reclamos de algún tipo, como, por ejemplo, de notas técnicas, descripción de aranceles, partidas y subpartidas, porcentajesde impuestos y acuerdos o tratados.
Imports represent an important factor in international trade and the country's economy. Trade is considered a fundamental engine for economic dynamism; exports and imports are two factors that recognize Costa Rica as part of world trade. Imports allow to bring to the country not only goods and services, but also to expand the horizons as a country and to stay at the forefront in different branches of technology, art, science and communication, among others. Sometimes, imports are considered a risk, but if a market and cost study is carried out, it is possible to obtain a better return on the investment of importing instead of continuing to buy locally. What risks should be considered as some of the common ones, internal and international transportation, the exchange rate, which, being fluctuating, in many occasions, can be detrimental or beneficial to the purchase. The legal framework is not far from being considered as one of the most viewed because of the nonconformities in the deliveries due to time or quality of the requested goods, since they do not meet the expectations. The buyer is becoming more and more demanding in purchases and wants to have what is more practical, innovative and the latest in the market, this is where imports play an important role in the dynamics of trade by increasing quality standards and competitiveness in a market. Most of the items imported are those that the country does not supply or that have a lower price abroad. Free trade agreements (FTAs) have allowed to improve the tax treatment and, therefore, to import or export at better prices, since purchases are made directly with manufacturers in many opportunities and do not require intermediaries, unless it is through exclusivity contracts. As in everything there are exceptions. When Costa Rica joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the doors were opened for trade regulation and there was confidence to carry out commercial exchanges backed by an organization that enforces agreements or pacts between ratifying countries. Member countries must comply with trade rules and regulations that allow for equal treatment among countries by curbing corruption, promoting good trade practices and having an international arbitration mechanism in the event of disputes. The WTO's mission is to ensure the smooth flow of trade. Costa Rica, as an active member, has the support of trade agreements such as: multilateral sanitary and phytosanitary agreements, technical barriers to trade, respect for intellectual property, agriculture, antidumping measures, subsidies and countervailing measures, safeguards and dispute settlement. Being an active member has allowed us to confront even great powers, as in the case against the United States of America (USA) in a textile matter, where Costa Rica filed a lawsuit against the North American power, who had to respect the rights due to the favorable resolution of the WTO towards the Costa Ricans. Since trade is global, there was a need to standardize terms, specifications and concepts for a correct global communication that would close the doors to local misinterpretations, in other words, a common commercial language. This uniform nomenclature was proposed in 1959 by the Customs Cooperation Council and It was called the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature and by 1983 the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System called the Customs Tariff was created; this was an instrument of the World Customs Organization (W.C.O.), which is an independent intergovernmental organization. The mission of the W.C.O. is to seek an honest, transparent and predictable environment that contributes to the economic well-being of its members, so that they feel supported and that international trade develops smoothly and within a framework of legality, which stimulates efficiency in customs administration worldwide, through the promotion of instruments that unify procedures, making the movement of goods through the different means of transport and borders more efficient and transparent. It seeks to increase efforts to comply with legislation through cooperation among members and other organizations in order to combat infractions and crimes. At the same time, it helps members feel supported in the negotiation process through communication and cooperation among themselves and with other organizations, all with the aim of establishing transparency in customs administrative management and best practices in the exchange of goods. The W.A.O. provides instruments and protocols to the member countries to promote governmental control and secure tax revenues that support national legislation, secure and protect society. The influence and effectiveness of customs procedures promote the economic competitiveness of nations in international trade. Competitiveness forces international trade and investments to move to countries with efficient and easy procedures that reduce time and expedite paperwork and where they receive bureaucratic assistance in the cases they require. This state provision provides businessmen with agile procedures and certain guarantees that no bureaucratic or technical barriers will be imposed on them that delay the entry or exit of their merchandise. The W.A.O. is composed of several committees where members can go to clarify or present doubts and claims of any kind, such as, for example, technical notes, description of tariffs, headings and subheadings, percentages of taxes and agreements or treaties.
Imports represent an important factor in international trade and the country's economy. Trade is considered a fundamental engine for economic dynamism; exports and imports are two factors that recognize Costa Rica as part of world trade. Imports allow to bring to the country not only goods and services, but also to expand the horizons as a country and to stay at the forefront in different branches of technology, art, science and communication, among others. Sometimes, imports are considered a risk, but if a market and cost study is carried out, it is possible to obtain a better return on the investment of importing instead of continuing to buy locally. What risks should be considered as some of the common ones, internal and international transportation, the exchange rate, which, being fluctuating, in many occasions, can be detrimental or beneficial to the purchase. The legal framework is not far from being considered as one of the most viewed because of the nonconformities in the deliveries due to time or quality of the requested goods, since they do not meet the expectations. The buyer is becoming more and more demanding in purchases and wants to have what is more practical, innovative and the latest in the market, this is where imports play an important role in the dynamics of trade by increasing quality standards and competitiveness in a market. Most of the items imported are those that the country does not supply or that have a lower price abroad. Free trade agreements (FTAs) have allowed to improve the tax treatment and, therefore, to import or export at better prices, since purchases are made directly with manufacturers in many opportunities and do not require intermediaries, unless it is through exclusivity contracts. As in everything there are exceptions. When Costa Rica joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the doors were opened for trade regulation and there was confidence to carry out commercial exchanges backed by an organization that enforces agreements or pacts between ratifying countries. Member countries must comply with trade rules and regulations that allow for equal treatment among countries by curbing corruption, promoting good trade practices and having an international arbitration mechanism in the event of disputes. The WTO's mission is to ensure the smooth flow of trade. Costa Rica, as an active member, has the support of trade agreements such as: multilateral sanitary and phytosanitary agreements, technical barriers to trade, respect for intellectual property, agriculture, antidumping measures, subsidies and countervailing measures, safeguards and dispute settlement. Being an active member has allowed us to confront even great powers, as in the case against the United States of America (USA) in a textile matter, where Costa Rica filed a lawsuit against the North American power, who had to respect the rights due to the favorable resolution of the WTO towards the Costa Ricans. Since trade is global, there was a need to standardize terms, specifications and concepts for a correct global communication that would close the doors to local misinterpretations, in other words, a common commercial language. This uniform nomenclature was proposed in 1959 by the Customs Cooperation Council and It was called the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature and by 1983 the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System called the Customs Tariff was created; this was an instrument of the World Customs Organization (W.C.O.), which is an independent intergovernmental organization. The mission of the W.C.O. is to seek an honest, transparent and predictable environment that contributes to the economic well-being of its members, so that they feel supported and that international trade develops smoothly and within a framework of legality, which stimulates efficiency in customs administration worldwide, through the promotion of instruments that unify procedures, making the movement of goods through the different means of transport and borders more efficient and transparent. It seeks to increase efforts to comply with legislation through cooperation among members and other organizations in order to combat infractions and crimes. At the same time, it helps members feel supported in the negotiation process through communication and cooperation among themselves and with other organizations, all with the aim of establishing transparency in customs administrative management and best practices in the exchange of goods. The W.A.O. provides instruments and protocols to the member countries to promote governmental control and secure tax revenues that support national legislation, secure and protect society. The influence and effectiveness of customs procedures promote the economic competitiveness of nations in international trade. Competitiveness forces international trade and investments to move to countries with efficient and easy procedures that reduce time and expedite paperwork and where they receive bureaucratic assistance in the cases they require. This state provision provides businessmen with agile procedures and certain guarantees that no bureaucratic or technical barriers will be imposed on them that delay the entry or exit of their merchandise. The W.A.O. is composed of several committees where members can go to clarify or present doubts and claims of any kind, such as, for example, technical notes, description of tariffs, headings and subheadings, percentages of taxes and agreements or treaties.
Descripción
Licenciatura con énfasis en Comercio Internacional
Palabras clave
COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO, IMPORTACIONES, LOGÍSTICA EMPRESARIAL, RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES, BUSINESS LOGISTICS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, IMPORTS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE