Propuesta estratégica basada en gestión del conocimiento, estudio de caso de Marte Studio, para el fomento de la competitividad internacional del sector animación digital costarricense
Fecha
2020-01
Autores
Alpízar Solórzano, María José
Morales Porras, Mónica
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ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El contexto internacional actual sustentado en el desarrollo tecnológico fomenta la competitividad de los mercados y, a su vez, ha dado paso a la creación de nuevas industrias basadas en el conocimiento. Este es el caso de las industrias creativas que comercian bienes y servicios con alto contenido tecnológico y creativo. Estas poseen un fuerte bagaje cultural, lo que representa para los países dedicados a esta actividad una oportunidad de posicionar su cultura a través del intercambio de estos productos.
El presente documento académico estudia este contexto desde la perspectiva de la industria de la animación digital, como parte de las industrias creativas. Igualmente, plantea una estrategia de competitividad internacional basada en la gestión del conocimiento para la empresa costarricense dedicada a la animación digital, Marte Studio, por medio de una revisión detallada de la evolución de las políticas comerciales relacionadas a las industrias creativas en América Latina y analizando las características de la organización y de Costa Rica. Para ello se analiza el desarrollo de las industrias creativas o naranja.
Estas industrias se ven inmersas en un contexto globalizado que premia la gestión del conocimiento, especialmente para la prestación de servicios. El crecimiento del comercio de estos bienes ha incrementado en un 50 % en la última década; sin embargo, existe un crecimiento desigual entre los sectores que componen las industrias creativas. Esto se debe, en parte, a la especialización tecnológica y las nuevas tendencias del mercado. El sector de animación digital no está excluido de esta dinámica, ya que los trabajos de creación y composición se centran en Estados Unidos principalmente, siendo estos los que generan mayores ganancias por medio de la propiedad intelectual. Por esta razón, se lleva a cabo un análisis desde una perspectiva de creación y difusión cultural, además de un importante sector económico.
Por su parte, se estudia el estado actual de Costa Rica, analizado desde las aristas propuestas por el Banco Mundial (2007): 1) la base educativa y de formación, así como la capacitación nacional; 2) los marcos institucionales, de gobierno y negocios; 3) infraestructura de acceso a la información y las telecomunicaciones; y 4) el sistema de innovación. Posteriormente, se compara el desarrollo del sector del país con el de Argentina, Colombia, México y Guatemala. Los resultados sugieren que Costa Rica posee un desarrollo de talento adecuado para el sector, empero esta industria carece de métodos de financiamiento adecuados y políticas fiscales de fomento. Además, al existir únicamente un tratado de coproducción, se limita el acercamiento de Costa Rica a otros socios comerciales.
Con el fin de lograr una propuesta pertinente se realiza un diagnóstico de la empresa, en el cual se contemplan ámbitos administrativos que se complementan con el modelo de gestión de conocimiento diseñado para esta. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de este proceso son utilizados, en conjunto con la información recopilada en la fase previa, como insumos para el planteamiento de la estrategia. Esta última contempla líneas de acción tanto en el ámbito sectorial como organizacional, con el fin de promover la competitividad del sector de animación digital costarricense.
The current international context based on technological development fosters market competitiveness and, in turn, has given way to the creation of new knowledge-based industries. This is the case of the creative industries that trade goods and services with a high technological and creative content. These industries have a strong cultural background, which represents an opportunity for countries engaged in this activity to position their culture through the exchange of these products. This academic paper studies this context from the perspective of the digital animation industry, as part of the creative industries. It also proposes an international competitiveness strategy based on knowledge management for the Costa Rican company dedicated to digital animation, Marte Studio, through a detailed review of the evolution of trade policies related to the creative industries in Latin America and analyzing the characteristics of the organization and Costa Rica. For this purpose, the development of the creative or orange industries is analyzed. These industries are immersed in a globalized context that rewards knowledge management, especially for the provision of services. The growth of trade in these goods has increased by 50% in the last decade; however, there is uneven growth among the sectors that make up the creative industries. This is due, in part, to technological specialization and new market trends. The digital animation sector is not excluded from this dynamic, since the creation and composition works are mainly centered in the United States, being these the ones that generate the highest profits through intellectual property. For this reason, an analysis is carried out from a perspective of creation and cultural diffusion, in addition to an important economic sector. For its part, the current state of Costa Rica is studied, analyzed from the perspectives proposed by the World Bank (2007): 1) the educational and training base, as well as national training; 2) the institutional, government and business frameworks; 3) infrastructure for access to information and telecommunications; and 4) the innovation system. Subsequently, the development of the country's sector is compared with that of Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Guatemala. The results suggest that Costa Rica has adequate talent development for the sector, but the industry lacks adequate financing methods and fiscal policies to promote it. In addition, the existence of only one co-production treaty limits Costa Rica's approach to other commercial partners. In order to achieve a pertinent proposal, a diagnosis of the company was carried out, in which administrative areas were considered and complemented with the knowledge management model designed for the company. The results obtained from this process are used, together with the information gathered in the previous phase, as inputs for the strategy proposal. The latter includes lines of action at both the sectoral and organizational levels, in order to promote the competitiveness of the Costa Rican digital animation sector.
The current international context based on technological development fosters market competitiveness and, in turn, has given way to the creation of new knowledge-based industries. This is the case of the creative industries that trade goods and services with a high technological and creative content. These industries have a strong cultural background, which represents an opportunity for countries engaged in this activity to position their culture through the exchange of these products. This academic paper studies this context from the perspective of the digital animation industry, as part of the creative industries. It also proposes an international competitiveness strategy based on knowledge management for the Costa Rican company dedicated to digital animation, Marte Studio, through a detailed review of the evolution of trade policies related to the creative industries in Latin America and analyzing the characteristics of the organization and Costa Rica. For this purpose, the development of the creative or orange industries is analyzed. These industries are immersed in a globalized context that rewards knowledge management, especially for the provision of services. The growth of trade in these goods has increased by 50% in the last decade; however, there is uneven growth among the sectors that make up the creative industries. This is due, in part, to technological specialization and new market trends. The digital animation sector is not excluded from this dynamic, since the creation and composition works are mainly centered in the United States, being these the ones that generate the highest profits through intellectual property. For this reason, an analysis is carried out from a perspective of creation and cultural diffusion, in addition to an important economic sector. For its part, the current state of Costa Rica is studied, analyzed from the perspectives proposed by the World Bank (2007): 1) the educational and training base, as well as national training; 2) the institutional, government and business frameworks; 3) infrastructure for access to information and telecommunications; and 4) the innovation system. Subsequently, the development of the country's sector is compared with that of Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Guatemala. The results suggest that Costa Rica has adequate talent development for the sector, but the industry lacks adequate financing methods and fiscal policies to promote it. In addition, the existence of only one co-production treaty limits Costa Rica's approach to other commercial partners. In order to achieve a pertinent proposal, a diagnosis of the company was carried out, in which administrative areas were considered and complemented with the knowledge management model designed for the company. The results obtained from this process are used, together with the information gathered in the previous phase, as inputs for the strategy proposal. The latter includes lines of action at both the sectoral and organizational levels, in order to promote the competitiveness of the Costa Rican digital animation sector.
Descripción
Palabras clave
COMPETITIVIDAD, GESTIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN, PEQUEÑAS EMPRESAS, POLÍTICA COMERCIAL INTERNACIONAL, COMPETITIVENESS, INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, SMALL BUSINESSES, INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY