Historia política de la televisión en Costa Rica (1954-1977): su consolidación, controversias y contenidos
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Fecha
2025-12-11
Autores
Núñez Marín, Francisco Javier
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La investigación titulada “Historia política de la televisión en Costa Rica (1954-1977): su consolidación, controversias y contenidos” explica la llegada de la televisión al país y la forma en que se presentó su construcción social como tecnología. Durante la década de 1950 se empezó a hablar sobre la televisión como un medio necesario para el país, por eso el trabajo inició en 1954, año en que empezaron los distintos proyectos para su instalación. Este proceso se inicia debido a las controversias políticos y mediáticos entre varios grupos sociales que deseaban adaptar la televisión a sus ideologías y agendas. El primer proyecto fue promovido por el presidente José Figueres y su ministro de Gobernación, Fernando Volio que planteaba una programación educativa y cultural fiel a los modelos europeos. Por el otro lado, estaba Carlos Manuel Reyes, sus financistas y aliados que impulsaron el proyecto privado que se sustentaba en la importación de programas enlatados y en la publicidad, como era común en el modelo de los Estados Unidos. Reyes estaba acompañado por importantes figuras políticas, dueños de radios y periódicos. Las visiones de los dos grupos chocaron y terminan enfrascados en una contienda pública por medio de los periódicos y la radio hasta que el modelo privado fue instaurado en 1960 con la aparición de Teletica Canal 7. La instalación de la televisión privada en Costa Rica provocó que el contenido y la forma de la televisión se alineara con el modelo estadounidense, por ende, la programación que había en el país estuvo marcada por una tendencia política e ideológica específica. Para entender estas dinámicas del proceso de instalación de la televisión en el país se planteó la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Cómo las discrepancias entre los proyectos público y privado influyeron en la construcción social de la televisión como medio de comunicación en Costa Rica entre 1954 y 1977? La pertinencia de este trabajo se justifica debido a que el proceso de llegada de la televisión a Costa Rica no ha sido abordado desde un lente analítico. Por esta razón la investigación se va a dividir en tres secciones: Primero, se analizarán los planes que cada grupo presentó y cómo imaginaban la instalación de la televisión, a su vez se explicará la actuación de los grupos sociales inmersos en la controversia, sus motivaciones y aspiraciones para esta tecnología. Segundo, por medio de la teoría de la Construcción Social de la Tecnología (CST) se analizarán las controversias entre los distintos actores, sus discrepancias y discusiones. Y tercero, se estudiará la forma en que la consolidación del modelo privado sirvió como un mecanismo de clausura para la instalación de la televisión y su influencia en la forma y contenido de la programación en años posteriores. La teoría de la Construcción Social de la Tecnología (CST) fue fundamental para el desarrollo del trabajo, pues rompe con las narrativas que dicen que el éxito de las tecnologías se determina solo por su funcionalidad o eficiencia intrínseca, sino por las decisiones sociales, culturales y políticas que influyen en su creación, adopción y uso. Esta teoría explica que la tecnología es un producto de las dinámicas sociales y no un determinante fijo e inevitable del cambio social con la cual se pueden identificar los puntos fundamentales para entender cómo se desarrolló la televisión, pues su función es identificar a los grupos sociales involucrados en el proceso, la flexibilidad interpretativa que brindan a la tecnología, el marco tecnológico y los mecanismos de clausura que determinan qué tecnologías prosperan o se descartan, y cómo se interpretan y aplican. Para complementar el estudio del CST se usaron las teorías de Agenda Setting, la biografía cultural y domesticación como conceptos de apoyo que permitirán enriquecer el análisis. A su vez, el CST se plantea como una metodología para el análisis de las fuentes, pues identifica los principales grupos sociales que tienen relación con la televisión debido a que un objeto puede tener distintas interpretaciones y significados que alteran su desarrollo a través del tiempo. Por eso esta metodología busca rastrear la forma en que distintos grupos concibieron un artefacto para entender cómo dichas visiones influyeron en su evolución. Para finalizar, con la recolección de datos se buscan los mecanismos de clausura, que son las etapas en que los principales grupos dominantes logran solucionar los problemas propuestos e influyen en la creación y desarrollo del artefacto. La CST analiza cómo se alcanzan acuerdos entre los diferentes grupos sociales y cómo se resuelven las controversias para lograr la estabilización de la tecnología. Para esto se tomarán en cuenta documentos pertenecientes al Archivo Nacional como actas, correspondencia, planes y trámites institucionales del proyecto público. Se revisarán las actas de la Universidad de Costa Rica, del Poder Judicial y de la Asamblea Legislativa donde se debaten los proyectos televisivos. También se estudiará al periódico La República que estaba a favor del proyecto público, a El Diario de Costa Rica y La Nación que apoyaban la iniciativa privada. Por medio de ellos se analizará la flexibilidad interpretativa y el marco tecnológico que tenían los distintos grupos sociales sobre la televisión. También se estudió la creación y el desarrollo posterior de Teletica Canal 7 por medio de la parrilla televisiva y los documentos que la empresa entregó a nivel gubernamental. Para entender cómo Canal 7 marcó e influyó en la instalación de un modelo privado de televisión.
The research project, titled “Political History of Television in Costa Rica (1954-1977): Its Consolidation, Controversies, and Content,” explains the arrival of television in the country and how its social construction as a technology was presented. During the 1950s, television began to be discussed as a necessary medium for the country, which is why the study begins in 1954, the year in which the various projects for its implementation began. This process was initiated due to political and media controversies among various social groups that wished to adapt television to their ideologies and agendas. The first project was promoted by President José Figueres and his Minister of the Interior, Fernando Volio, who proposed educational and cultural programming faithful to European models. On the other side was Carlos Manuel Reyes, his financiers, and allies, who promoted the private project based on the importation of syndicated programs and advertising, as was common in the United States model. Reyes was accompanied by important political figures, radio station owners, and newspaper proprietors. The visions of the two groups clashed, leading to a public dispute waged through newspapers and radio until the private model was established in 1960 with the launch of Teletica Channel 7. The introduction of private television in Costa Rica led to the alignment of television content and format with the American model; consequently, the country's programming was marked by a specific political and ideological bias. To understand these dynamics of the television establishment process in the country, the following research question was posed: How did the discrepancies between the public and private projects influence the social construction of television as a means of communication in Costa Rica between 1954 and 1977? The relevance of this work is justified by the fact that the arrival of television in Costa Rica has not been approached from an analytical perspective. For this reason, the research will be divided into three sections: First, the plans presented by each group and their vision for the installation of television will be analyzed, along with an explanation of the actions of the social groups involved in the controversy, their motivations, and their aspirations regarding this technology. Second, the controversies among the different actors, their disagreements, and discussions will be analyzed using the Social Construction of Technology (SCT) theory. And third, the way in which the consolidation of the private model served as a mechanism to prevent the installation of television and its influence on the form and content of programming in subsequent years will be studied. The Social Construction of Technology (SCT) theory was fundamental to the development of this work, as it challenges narratives that the success of technologies is determined solely by their functionality or intrinsic efficiency, but rather by the social, cultural, and political decisions that influence their creation, adoption, and use. This theory explains that technology is a product of social dynamics, not a fixed and inevitable determinant of social change. It allows us to identify the key points for understanding how television developed, as its function is to identify the social groups involved in the process, the interpretive flexibility they bring to the technology, the technological framework, and the closure mechanisms that determine which technologies thrive or are discarded, and how they are interpreted and applied. To complement the study of the CST (Cultural Systems Theory), the theories of Agenda Setting, cultural biography, and domestication were used as supporting concepts to enrich the analysis. In turn, the CST is presented as a methodology for analyzing sources, as it identifies the main social groups related to television because an object can have different interpretations and meanings that alter its development over time. Therefore, this methodology seeks to trace how different groups conceived of an artifact to understand how these perspectives influenced its evolution. Finally, the data collection process seeks to identify closure mechanisms, which are the stages in which the main dominant groups manage to resolve the proposed problems and influence the creation and development of the artifact. The CST analyzes how agreements are reached among the different social groups and how controversies are resolved to achieve technological stabilization. For this purpose, documents from the National Archives will be considered, such as minutes, correspondence, plans, and institutional procedures of the public project. The minutes of the University of Costa Rica, the Judiciary, and the Legislative Assembly, where the projects are debated, will also be reviewed.
The research project, titled “Political History of Television in Costa Rica (1954-1977): Its Consolidation, Controversies, and Content,” explains the arrival of television in the country and how its social construction as a technology was presented. During the 1950s, television began to be discussed as a necessary medium for the country, which is why the study begins in 1954, the year in which the various projects for its implementation began. This process was initiated due to political and media controversies among various social groups that wished to adapt television to their ideologies and agendas. The first project was promoted by President José Figueres and his Minister of the Interior, Fernando Volio, who proposed educational and cultural programming faithful to European models. On the other side was Carlos Manuel Reyes, his financiers, and allies, who promoted the private project based on the importation of syndicated programs and advertising, as was common in the United States model. Reyes was accompanied by important political figures, radio station owners, and newspaper proprietors. The visions of the two groups clashed, leading to a public dispute waged through newspapers and radio until the private model was established in 1960 with the launch of Teletica Channel 7. The introduction of private television in Costa Rica led to the alignment of television content and format with the American model; consequently, the country's programming was marked by a specific political and ideological bias. To understand these dynamics of the television establishment process in the country, the following research question was posed: How did the discrepancies between the public and private projects influence the social construction of television as a means of communication in Costa Rica between 1954 and 1977? The relevance of this work is justified by the fact that the arrival of television in Costa Rica has not been approached from an analytical perspective. For this reason, the research will be divided into three sections: First, the plans presented by each group and their vision for the installation of television will be analyzed, along with an explanation of the actions of the social groups involved in the controversy, their motivations, and their aspirations regarding this technology. Second, the controversies among the different actors, their disagreements, and discussions will be analyzed using the Social Construction of Technology (SCT) theory. And third, the way in which the consolidation of the private model served as a mechanism to prevent the installation of television and its influence on the form and content of programming in subsequent years will be studied. The Social Construction of Technology (SCT) theory was fundamental to the development of this work, as it challenges narratives that the success of technologies is determined solely by their functionality or intrinsic efficiency, but rather by the social, cultural, and political decisions that influence their creation, adoption, and use. This theory explains that technology is a product of social dynamics, not a fixed and inevitable determinant of social change. It allows us to identify the key points for understanding how television developed, as its function is to identify the social groups involved in the process, the interpretive flexibility they bring to the technology, the technological framework, and the closure mechanisms that determine which technologies thrive or are discarded, and how they are interpreted and applied. To complement the study of the CST (Cultural Systems Theory), the theories of Agenda Setting, cultural biography, and domestication were used as supporting concepts to enrich the analysis. In turn, the CST is presented as a methodology for analyzing sources, as it identifies the main social groups related to television because an object can have different interpretations and meanings that alter its development over time. Therefore, this methodology seeks to trace how different groups conceived of an artifact to understand how these perspectives influenced its evolution. Finally, the data collection process seeks to identify closure mechanisms, which are the stages in which the main dominant groups manage to resolve the proposed problems and influence the creation and development of the artifact. The CST analyzes how agreements are reached among the different social groups and how controversies are resolved to achieve technological stabilization. For this purpose, documents from the National Archives will be considered, such as minutes, correspondence, plans, and institutional procedures of the public project. The minutes of the University of Costa Rica, the Judiciary, and the Legislative Assembly, where the projects are debated, will also be reviewed.
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MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN DE MASAS, MASS MEDIA, TECNOLOGÍA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, SOCIAL ASPECTS, HISTORIA, HISTORY, TELEVISION, TELEVISION
