El comercio exterior en Honduras y su contribución a la economía nacional, 1880-1930
Fecha
2021
Autores
Ledezma Díaz, Rafael Ángel
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Colegio de México
Resumen
Desde la década de 1960, la teoría de la dependencia (TD) fue el punto de referencia de las ciencias sociales latinoamericanas para estudiar cómo, entre 1870 y 1930, los países del subcontinente se vincularon al mercado mundial. A grandes rasgos expuso que esas economías “periféricas” incursionaron en la división internacional del trabajo como proveedoras de materias primas para las economías “centrales” industrializadas de Norteamérica y Europa occidental. Tal condición significó (para las primeras) una relación de dependencia y, por ende, una estrategia fallida de desarrollo porque sus principales actividades exportadoras se controlaron “desde afuera” bajo la lógica de “enclaves” agrícolas (plantaciones) y/o mineros instalados por compañías provenientes de las segundas. Según la TD, en los enclaves dominó un principio de extraterritorialidad en cuanto a la toma de decisiones. Además, se dijo que el capital foráneo monopolizó los sectores conectados a su funcionamiento (ferrocarriles, puertos, etc.) y proletarizó la mano de obra local. También se afirmó que aportaron una baja contribución fiscal al país huésped debido a los descuentos por los beneficios que le trajeron, entre ellos, las mejoras en la infraestructura y los nuevos servicios. Otro lugar común fue pensar que el interés empresarial desplazó a las oligarquías nacionales ante su “incapacidad para reaccionar y competir en la producción de mercancías que exigían condiciones técnicas, sistemas de comercialización y capitales de gran importancia”. Mediante todo este engranaje de ideas, la TD definió a los enclaves como una prolongación financiera y tecnológica de los países industrializados sobre la “periferia”, y como espacios productivos que no generaron eslabonamientos e hicieron que la inversión extranjera directa descapitalizara al subcontinente ya que las ganancias repatriadas hacia el “centro” superaron el valor inicial de esta.
Since the 1960s, dependency theory (DT) has been the benchmark for Latin American social sciences to study how, between 1870 and 1930, the countries of the subcontinent became linked to the global market. Broadly speaking, it argued that these "peripheral" economies entered the international division of labor as suppliers of raw materials to the "central" industrialized economies of North America and Western Europe. This condition meant (for the former) a relationship of dependency and, consequently, a failed development strategy because their main export activities were controlled "from outside" under the logic of agricultural "enclaves" (plantations) and/or mining established by companies from the latter. According to DT, a principle of extraterritoriality dominated decision-making in the enclaves. Furthermore, it was argued that foreign capital monopolized the sectors connected to their operations (railways, ports, etc.) and proletarianized the local labor force. It was also asserted that they provided a low tax contribution to the host country due to discounts for the benefits they brought, including infrastructure improvements and new services. Another commonplace assumption was that business interests displaced national oligarchies due to their "inability to react and compete in the production of goods that required technical conditions, marketing systems, and significant capital." Through this whole network of ideas, the TD defined enclaves as a financial and technological extension of industrialized countries to the "periphery," and as productive spaces that failed to generate linkages and caused foreign direct investment to decapitalize the subcontinent, since the profits repatriated to the "center" exceeded their initial value.
Since the 1960s, dependency theory (DT) has been the benchmark for Latin American social sciences to study how, between 1870 and 1930, the countries of the subcontinent became linked to the global market. Broadly speaking, it argued that these "peripheral" economies entered the international division of labor as suppliers of raw materials to the "central" industrialized economies of North America and Western Europe. This condition meant (for the former) a relationship of dependency and, consequently, a failed development strategy because their main export activities were controlled "from outside" under the logic of agricultural "enclaves" (plantations) and/or mining established by companies from the latter. According to DT, a principle of extraterritoriality dominated decision-making in the enclaves. Furthermore, it was argued that foreign capital monopolized the sectors connected to their operations (railways, ports, etc.) and proletarianized the local labor force. It was also asserted that they provided a low tax contribution to the host country due to discounts for the benefits they brought, including infrastructure improvements and new services. Another commonplace assumption was that business interests displaced national oligarchies due to their "inability to react and compete in the production of goods that required technical conditions, marketing systems, and significant capital." Through this whole network of ideas, the TD defined enclaves as a financial and technological extension of industrialized countries to the "periphery," and as productive spaces that failed to generate linkages and caused foreign direct investment to decapitalize the subcontinent, since the profits repatriated to the "center" exceeded their initial value.
Descripción
Doctorado en Historia
Palabras clave
COMERCIO EXTERIOR, FOREIGN TRADE, ECONOMÍA, ECONOMY, EXPORTACIONES, EXPORTS, AGRICULTURA COMERCIAL, COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE