Un estudio sobre ideologías revolucionarias y su relación con el desarrollo del movimiento obrero argentino: (1900-1932)
Fecha
1981
Autores
Gould Stern, Jeffrey L.
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Uno de los rasgos más distintivos del movimiento obrero argentino en la primera década del siglo XX, era la hegemonía ideológica del anarquismo. Los historiadores especializados en esta problemática han señalado la inmigración masiva de italianos y españoles como causa principal de la presencia ideológica anarquista. Así mismo, se ha considerado la creciente integración social de los inmigrantes, junto con el supuesto "utopismo de log anarquistas", como factores claves en el ocaso de In influencia anarquista normalmente colocado históricamente a partir del noveno congreso de la Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA) en 1915. En tal congreso, la corriente denominada "sindicalista revolucionaria" en alianza con una corriente simpatizante de anarquistas impulsaron sus puntos de vista y tomaron la dirección de la FORA. Como consecuencia directa de este hecho, un grupo reducido de sindicatos anarquistas se separaron de la FORA y fundaron otra FORA, basada en la declaración de finalidad anarco-comunista postulada en el quinto congreso de 1905. Tal división en el seno del movimiento obrero tuvo graves consecuencias pero no causó, como se ha sostenido el ocaso de la influencia libertaria, que volvió a predominar en la clase obrera durante los períodos de 1919-1921 y de 1928-1930. El hecho de que estos períodos de resurgimiento no se han tomado en cuenta por los estudiosos consultados sobre el tema, remite según nuestro criterio a interpretaciones parcializadas acerca del desarrollo del movimiento obrero y de las ideologías que lo sustentaban teóricamente. Una de las metas de este ensayo es demostrar las insuficiencias inherentes de dos tipos de enfoque. El enfoque genético que pretende explicar las configuraciones esenciales del desarrollo de un fenómeno a partir de sus orígenes. En el caso argentino este enfoque conduce a una interpretación errónea tanto del movimiento obrero (extranjero en sus orígenes) como de sus ideologías (el anarquismo tiene sus raíces en la artesanía y en el campesinado europeo). El otro enfoque aunque reconoce un cierto desarrollo dialéctico-concreto del movimiento obrero, sigue poniendo énfasis en la inmigración como condición fundamental de su aceptación de la ideología socialista libertaria (anarquista).
One of the most distinctive features of the Argentine labor movement in the first decade of the 20th century was the ideological hegemony of anarchism. Historians specialized in this problem have pointed out the massive immigration of Italians and Spaniards as the main cause of the anarchist ideological presence. Likewise, the growing social integration of immigrants, together with the supposed "utopianism of log anarchists", has been considered as key factors in the decline of the anarchist influence normally historically placed since the ninth congress of the Argentine Regional Workers Federation ( FORA) in 1915. In such a congress, the current called "revolutionary syndicalist" in alliance with a current sympathetic to anarchists promoted their points of view and took the leadership of FORA. As a direct consequence of this fact, a small group of anarchist unions separated from the FORA and founded another FORA, based on the anarcho-communist declaration of purpose postulated in the fifth congress of 1905. Such division within the labor movement had serious consequences. consequences, but it did not cause, as has been maintained, the decline of libertarian influence, which once again predominated in the working class during the periods of 1919-1921 and 1928-1930. The fact that these periods of resurgence have not been taken into account by the scholars consulted on the subject, leads according to our criteria to biased interpretations about the development of the labor movement and the ideologies that theoretically supported it. One of the goals of this essay is to demonstrate the inherent shortcomings of two types of approach. The genetic approach that tries to explain the essential configurations of the development of a phenomenon from its origins. In the Argentine case, this approach leads to a misinterpretation of both the labor movement (foreign in its origins) and its ideologies (anarchism has its roots in crafts and in the European peasantry). The other approach, although it recognizes a certain dialectical-concrete development of the labor movement, continues to emphasize immigration as a fundamental condition for its acceptance of the libertarian (anarchist) socialist ideology.
One of the most distinctive features of the Argentine labor movement in the first decade of the 20th century was the ideological hegemony of anarchism. Historians specialized in this problem have pointed out the massive immigration of Italians and Spaniards as the main cause of the anarchist ideological presence. Likewise, the growing social integration of immigrants, together with the supposed "utopianism of log anarchists", has been considered as key factors in the decline of the anarchist influence normally historically placed since the ninth congress of the Argentine Regional Workers Federation ( FORA) in 1915. In such a congress, the current called "revolutionary syndicalist" in alliance with a current sympathetic to anarchists promoted their points of view and took the leadership of FORA. As a direct consequence of this fact, a small group of anarchist unions separated from the FORA and founded another FORA, based on the anarcho-communist declaration of purpose postulated in the fifth congress of 1905. Such division within the labor movement had serious consequences. consequences, but it did not cause, as has been maintained, the decline of libertarian influence, which once again predominated in the working class during the periods of 1919-1921 and 1928-1930. The fact that these periods of resurgence have not been taken into account by the scholars consulted on the subject, leads according to our criteria to biased interpretations about the development of the labor movement and the ideologies that theoretically supported it. One of the goals of this essay is to demonstrate the inherent shortcomings of two types of approach. The genetic approach that tries to explain the essential configurations of the development of a phenomenon from its origins. In the Argentine case, this approach leads to a misinterpretation of both the labor movement (foreign in its origins) and its ideologies (anarchism has its roots in crafts and in the European peasantry). The other approach, although it recognizes a certain dialectical-concrete development of the labor movement, continues to emphasize immigration as a fundamental condition for its acceptance of the libertarian (anarchist) socialist ideology.
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Palabras clave
MOVIMIENTOS OBREROS, IDEOLOGÍAS, REVOLUCIÓN, ARGENTINA, SINDICALISMO, WORKERS MOVEMENTS, IDEOLOGIES, REVOLUTION, SYNDICALISM