Uso de bacillus popilliae para el manejo de jobotos (coleóptera: scarabaeidae) en el cultivo de lechuga (lactuca sativa L.), Finca Orgánica Guadalupe, Zarcero
Fecha
2025-12
Autores
Morales Salas, Jairo Josué
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En Costa Rica las fincas con producción orgánica cada vez van en aumento, este tipo de agricultura presenta retos en el manejo de plagas por su difícil manejo. El cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) es uno cultivo tradicional en la producción orgánica por su atracción en la alimentación de dietas saludables. La plaga de jobotos es la que mayores pérdidas económicas genera en la Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural, en cultivo de lechuga debido a los daños radiculares que causan los estadios larvales de esta plaga durante su desarrollo. Es indispensable buscar alternativas de manejo para la plaga de ahí la necesidad que surgió de evaluar la efectividad de Bacillus popilliae como medio de manejo biológico sobre jobotos a través de aplicaciones en drench en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa), para el manejo de la plaga en Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural. Este trabajo de investigación se realizó con la finalidad de poseer un producto Orgánico que permita manejar las poblaciones de jobotos. Se realizó un muestreo por los diferentes lotes donde se llevaría a cabo tratamientos para conocer la cantidad de larvas de jobotos presentes en Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural. Así como la recolección de datos históricos de las poblaciones de adultos presentes en finca, para relacionar con las condiciones climáticas de la zona. Seguidamente, se seleccionaron bloques experimentales al azahar de cultivo de lechuga en Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural donde se realizaron 4 tratamientos con aplicaciones en drench con 25ml por planta con el producto Milke Spore de St. Gabriel Organics con esporas de B. popilliae. Durante las aplicaciones cada semana se realizó un muestreo de 5 submuestras entre plantas y suelo en cada uno de los tratamientos y en sus respectivos bloques. Esto con la finalidad de encontrar larvas de jobotos y quebrar la primera pata torácica para ver si había infestación por medio de la bacteria B. popilliae. Durante los muestreos realizados durante toda la investigación no se logró encontrar larvas de jobotos infectadas por los esporangios de la bacteria, lo que nos dio como resultado que el producto de Milke Spore de St. Gabriel Organics con esporas de B. popilliae, no presento infestación como se esperaba en Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural. Por lo tanto se abordaron los temas por los cuales el producto, pudo haber no funcionado, tales como lo son las condiciones climáticas, biología del insecto plaga, efecto del producto, condiciones edafológicas de la finca, la rotación de cultivos y el manejo orgánico que tiene la Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural.
In Costa Rica, farms with organic production are steadily increasing. This type of agriculture presents challenges in pest management due to its complexity. Lettuce cultivation is a traditional crop in organic production because of its appeal in healthy diets. The jobotos pest causes the greatest economic losses at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural in lettuce crops, due to the root damage caused by the larval stages of this pest during their development. It is essential to seek alternative management strategies for this pest, hence the need arose to evaluate the effectiveness of Bacillus popilliae as a biological control method against jobotos through drench applications in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivation, for pest management at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural. This research was conducted with the purpose of developing an organic product capable of managing jobotos populations. Sampling was carried out in the different plots where treatments would be applied to determine the number of jobotos larvae present at the farm. Historical data on adult populations were also collected to relate them to the climatic conditions of the area. Subsequently, experimental lettuce plots were randomly selected at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural, where four treatments were applied using drench applications of 25 ml per plant with the product Milky Spore from St. Gabriel Organics, containing B. popilliae spores. During the applications, weekly sampling was conducted, consisting of five subsamples between plants and soil in each treatment and its corresponding block. This was done to find jobotos larvae and to break the first thoracic leg to check for infection by B. popilliae. Throughout the sampling process, no jobotos larvae infected by bacterial sporangia were found. As a result, the product Milky Spore from St. Gabriel Organics containing B. popilliae spores did not produce the expected infection at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural. Therefore, several possible factors were analyzed that could explain why the product did not work as expected, such as climatic conditions, pest insect biology, product effectiveness, soil conditions of the farm, crop rotation, and the organic management practices at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural.
In Costa Rica, farms with organic production are steadily increasing. This type of agriculture presents challenges in pest management due to its complexity. Lettuce cultivation is a traditional crop in organic production because of its appeal in healthy diets. The jobotos pest causes the greatest economic losses at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural in lettuce crops, due to the root damage caused by the larval stages of this pest during their development. It is essential to seek alternative management strategies for this pest, hence the need arose to evaluate the effectiveness of Bacillus popilliae as a biological control method against jobotos through drench applications in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivation, for pest management at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural. This research was conducted with the purpose of developing an organic product capable of managing jobotos populations. Sampling was carried out in the different plots where treatments would be applied to determine the number of jobotos larvae present at the farm. Historical data on adult populations were also collected to relate them to the climatic conditions of the area. Subsequently, experimental lettuce plots were randomly selected at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural, where four treatments were applied using drench applications of 25 ml per plant with the product Milky Spore from St. Gabriel Organics, containing B. popilliae spores. During the applications, weekly sampling was conducted, consisting of five subsamples between plants and soil in each treatment and its corresponding block. This was done to find jobotos larvae and to break the first thoracic leg to check for infection by B. popilliae. Throughout the sampling process, no jobotos larvae infected by bacterial sporangia were found. As a result, the product Milky Spore from St. Gabriel Organics containing B. popilliae spores did not produce the expected infection at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural. Therefore, several possible factors were analyzed that could explain why the product did not work as expected, such as climatic conditions, pest insect biology, product effectiveness, soil conditions of the farm, crop rotation, and the organic management practices at Finca Orgánica Guadalupe Natural.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Agronomía, modalidad: tesis
Palabras clave
jobotos, AGRICULTURA ORGÁNICA, ORGANIC FARMING, DIETAS, DIETS, LECHUGA, LETTUCE, RENDIMIENTO DE CULTIVOS, CROP YIELD, COMPOSICIÓN DEL SUELO, SOIL COMPOSITION, JOBOTOS, BACILLUS, ZARCERO
