Modelo de Gestión y Monitoreo de Proyectos de Cooperación Internacional, en el marco de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, alianza Hewlett Packard y Ministerio de Educación Pública
Fecha
2014
Autores
Leandro Peralta, Cynthia Roxana
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Este trabajo pretende explicar de qué manera la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo y la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) o Responsabilidad Social empresarial (RSE) hoy tienen caminos convergentes.
Se analiza el sistema internacional constituido por un conjunto de actores, en donde surgen las empresas transnacionales. Aparece el sector privado empresarial como actor de la ayuda en la cooperación internacional
En los últimos años, las empresas y organizaciones empresariales han ido asumiendo progresivamente, un creciente protagonismo en la política de cooperación internacional al desarrollo. Si bien, tradicionalmente la empresa ha sido considerada como un mero agente especializado en la producción de bienes y servicios, en la actualidad, esta entidad ha pasado a asumir una gama más amplia de funciones en el seno de la política de ayuda, conformándose como un actor –y no simplemente un instrumento– de la acción exterior de los países.
Además las grandes empresas, agrupadas en organizaciones, son promotoras activas de la RSC global y estratégica, o RSC para el desarrollo.
Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) o Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE). Son matices de diferencia: la primera es un concepto más amplio que puede abarcar más entidades que las propiamente empresariales, mientras que las segundas se circunscriben únicamente a las empresas.
Domínguez, (2010), menciona la analogía siguiente: La RSC es a las empresas, lo que la CID a los gobiernos y que, por lo tanto, son dos actuaciones –la una de estrategia empresarial y la otra de política pública– destinadas a entenderse.
El Banco Mundial, inició en 2011, la creación de una Alianza Mundial que fortaleciera la participación ciudadana en materia de Responsabilidad Social y Desarrollo. El objetivo de la Alianza es el de intensificar el suministro de opiniones, potenciando la capacidad de la sociedad civil de interactuar con los gobiernos en este ámbito.
Como se relata en el III Plan Director de la Cooperación Española (2009-2012)«las organizaciones empresariales en su calidad de interlocutores sociales desarrollan una importante labor en el campo de la gobernanza democrática y de la participación, así como en el apoyo al tránsito, en países con economías emergentes, de la informalidad a la formalidad económica, con todo lo que ello supone en materia de desarrollo y de vertebración del Estado».
Tradicionalmente, no se contemplaba la RSE dentro del currículo de cooperación internacional, esta investigación demuestra como ahora con solo converge, sino es parte de la cooperación internacional.
Se enfatiza la importancia de la empresa a nivel global, específicamente en América Latina, como agente de cambio económico y social, plantea la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y el nuevo papel que debería tener, brindando una relación más comprometida entre el sector empresarial y la Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo. Se definen como “Nuevos actores” y retos en la cooperación internacional al desarrollo.
Se entrecomilla “nuevos actores”, no porque sean nuevos en sí mismos, sino en el alcance que la empresa por medio de la responsabilidad social está teniendo y puede llegar a tener en el presente siglo.
Se exponen las iniciativas internacionales creadas como el Pacto Mundial y la norma de responsabilidad social ISO 26000, como elementos que coadyuvan a nivel mundial que los efectos del gobierno, sociedad y empresa tengan un menor impacto en un mundo más equilibrado y sostenible.
''El sistema de Cooperación Internacional al desarrollo está constituido por actores de diversa naturaleza, índole, y funciones, pedir la coexistencia de organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, con fines de lucro o si él, de diferentes canales tamaños, objetos sociales y procedencias, ideologías, niveles de especialización, focalización y segmentación ''.
Las empresas son reconocidas como actores de política pública de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, en el Plan de Director Española 2009-2013 y en sus correspondientes a ley y Plan Director en Cantabria.
A través de las alianzas, por un lado con empresas y organizaciones privadas y por otro público –privadas para el Desarrollo, el voluntariado corporativo, a partir de 2011 la Unión Europea, propone que las empresa puedan encontrar “socios” con el fin de que sus acciones de cooperación internacional en la lucha contra la pobreza y a favor del desarrollo puedan tener el máximo impacto. Se explica el papel de las empresas en la política concertada y la proyección contenida en los Objetivos del Desarrollo del Milenio y su inclusión a partir del 2015.
Según Negocios inclusivos (La inclusión de los de abajo) de Estrategias de Base de la Pirámide (BoP10 ). En los últimos años se ha demostrado que el sector privado es capaz de contribuir significativamente a mejorar el desarrollo de los grupos poblacionales más desfavorecidos, ayudándose de estrategias empresariales que aboguen por la sostenibilidad y aprovechando la gran repercusión de las herramientas de la RSC. Así, empresas nacionales y multinacionales se han convertido en actores clave del desarrollo en un gran abanico de países.
El capitalismo inclusivo es una nueva manera de pensar la reducción de la pobreza que habla a las corporaciones transnacionales en términos de oportunidades de negocio en la base de la pirámide: obtener beneficios haciendo el bien (doingwellbydoinggood), siempre que ello sea parte del “corebusiness” de la empresa.
Lo que las empresas pueden hacer por los pobres a través de las estrategias BoP es sencillo: «incluir a la gente que ha sido excluida de los beneficios del comercio mundial y de la economía de mercado». Prahalad, 2006
Las nuevas tendencias de la RSE hablan cada vez más de generar un valor compartido con la sociedad y en ese sentido, las empresas generan un valor adicional a la cultura de la solidaridad. Como es el caso de Cooperación científico-tecnológica: en donde pretende apoyar la creación y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades tecnológicas del país receptor; suele llevarse a cabo por las universidades, centros de investigación, laboratorios, a través de la formación universitaria, las becas, entre otros, un ejemplo clásico, es el proyecto objeto de investigación.
Se presenta, por lo tanto, el proyecto de la empresa transnacional (HP) Hewelett Packard como actor internacional, en el marco de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y su alianza con el Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica, el modelo de gestión establecido y el monitoreo correspondiente.
This paper seeks to explain in which way the International Cooperation for Development and the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility (ESR) today convergent paths have. It analyzes the international system consisting of a set of actors, in which the transnational corporations arise. The private business sector appears as an actor aid to the international cooperation. In recent years, companies and business organizations have increasingly assumed a protagonist role in the politics of international development cooperation. While the company has traditionally been regarded as a mere agent specializing in the production of goods and services, at present, this entity has assumed a broader range of functions within aid policy, conforming as an actor - and not simply an instrument - of action performed outside the countries. In addition to that, the large companies, grouped in organizations, are active promoters of global and strategic CSR or CSR for development. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility (ESR). There are shades of difference between them: the first one is a broader concept that can encompass more entities than the actual companies, while the latter is limited to companies only. Domínguez (2010) mentions the following analogy: CSR is for the companies what the ICD is for the governments and, therefore, they are two actors - one for business strategy of companies and the other for publicly policy - aimed to understand each other. In 2011, the World Bank started the creation of a Global Alliance to strengthen the citizens’ participation in Social Responsibility and Development. The goal of the Alliance is to intensify the submission of opinions, enhancing the capacity of the civil society for the interaction with governments in this field. As related in the Third Director’s Plan of the Spanish Cooperation (2009-2012), “the business organizations in their capacity as social interlocutors develop a significant work in the field of democratic governance and participation, as well as in support for the transit in emerging economies out of the informality towards economic formality, with all that this implies in terms of development and structuring of the State.” Traditionally, the ESR is not contemplated within the curriculum of international cooperation. “This research demonstrates that it is not just converging, but it is a part of the international cooperation," as Mr. Rafael Domínguez Martí, Director of the Department of International Cooperation and Latin America at the University of Cantabria, points out. In a global context, particularly in Latin America, the importance of the enterprise is emphasized as an agent of economic and social change, raising the Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility and the new role it should have, providing a more committed relationship between the entrepreneurial sector and the International Cooperation for Development. They are defined as “New Players” and challenges in the international cooperation for development. They are called “New players” not because they would be new themselves, but in terms of the reach that an enterprise has or may be able to acquire in this century with its social responsibility. International initiatives as Global Compact and the social responsibility standard ISO 26000 can be cited as elements that contribute on a global level to the effect that the government, the society and the enterprise have less impact in a more balanced and sustainable world. “The system of the International Cooperation for Development, consisting of actors of diverse natures, characters and functions, is demanding the coexistence of governmental and non-governmental organizations, with or without commercial objects, of different channels, sizes, social objects and backgrounds, ideologies, skill levels, targeting and segmentation.” The enterprises are recognized as public-policy actors of the International Cooperation for Development, of the Spanish Master Plan 2009-2013 and in the corresponding provisions in the Law and in the Master Plan of Cantabria. Through the partnerships, on the one hand, with enterprises and private organizations and, on the other hand, with public and private ones, for the purpose of Development, the corporate volunteering, since 2011, the European Union, proposes that the enterprises can find “partners” to make sure their actions of international cooperation in the fight against poverty and in favor of development can have maximum impact. The role of business in concerted policy and the projection contained in the Millennium Development Goals and its inclusion from 2015 is explained. According to businesses included (including those below) in the Strategies of the Base of the Pyramid (BoP10) , in recent years, it has been shown that the private sector is able to contribute significantly to improving the development of the most disadvantaged population groups, helping with business strategies to advocate for sustainability, taking advantage of the great impact of CSR tools. Thus, national and multinational enterprises have become key actors for development in a wide range of countries. The inclusive capitalism is a new way of thinking to reduce poverty, which speaks to transnational corporations in terms of business opportunities at the base of the pyramid: obtaining profit by doing good (doing well by doing good), wherever part of the “core business” of the enterprise might be. What companies can do for the poor through the BoP strategies is simple: “include people who have been excluded from the benefits of global trade and the market economy.” Prahalad, 2006 New trends in ESR increasingly talk of creating a shared value to society and in that sense, companies generate an additional culture of solidarity value. As is the case for scientific and technological cooperation: in with it is aimed to support the creation and strengthening of technological capabilities of the receiving country; as it is usually carried out by universities, research centers, laboratories, through university education and scholarships, the project under investigation is, among others, a classic example. Therefore, I present the project of the transnational corporation Hewlett Packard (HP) as an international actor, in the framework of Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility and its alliance with the Ministry of Education of Costa Rica, with the management model established and the corresponding monitoring.
This paper seeks to explain in which way the International Cooperation for Development and the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility (ESR) today convergent paths have. It analyzes the international system consisting of a set of actors, in which the transnational corporations arise. The private business sector appears as an actor aid to the international cooperation. In recent years, companies and business organizations have increasingly assumed a protagonist role in the politics of international development cooperation. While the company has traditionally been regarded as a mere agent specializing in the production of goods and services, at present, this entity has assumed a broader range of functions within aid policy, conforming as an actor - and not simply an instrument - of action performed outside the countries. In addition to that, the large companies, grouped in organizations, are active promoters of global and strategic CSR or CSR for development. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility (ESR). There are shades of difference between them: the first one is a broader concept that can encompass more entities than the actual companies, while the latter is limited to companies only. Domínguez (2010) mentions the following analogy: CSR is for the companies what the ICD is for the governments and, therefore, they are two actors - one for business strategy of companies and the other for publicly policy - aimed to understand each other. In 2011, the World Bank started the creation of a Global Alliance to strengthen the citizens’ participation in Social Responsibility and Development. The goal of the Alliance is to intensify the submission of opinions, enhancing the capacity of the civil society for the interaction with governments in this field. As related in the Third Director’s Plan of the Spanish Cooperation (2009-2012), “the business organizations in their capacity as social interlocutors develop a significant work in the field of democratic governance and participation, as well as in support for the transit in emerging economies out of the informality towards economic formality, with all that this implies in terms of development and structuring of the State.” Traditionally, the ESR is not contemplated within the curriculum of international cooperation. “This research demonstrates that it is not just converging, but it is a part of the international cooperation," as Mr. Rafael Domínguez Martí, Director of the Department of International Cooperation and Latin America at the University of Cantabria, points out. In a global context, particularly in Latin America, the importance of the enterprise is emphasized as an agent of economic and social change, raising the Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility and the new role it should have, providing a more committed relationship between the entrepreneurial sector and the International Cooperation for Development. They are defined as “New Players” and challenges in the international cooperation for development. They are called “New players” not because they would be new themselves, but in terms of the reach that an enterprise has or may be able to acquire in this century with its social responsibility. International initiatives as Global Compact and the social responsibility standard ISO 26000 can be cited as elements that contribute on a global level to the effect that the government, the society and the enterprise have less impact in a more balanced and sustainable world. “The system of the International Cooperation for Development, consisting of actors of diverse natures, characters and functions, is demanding the coexistence of governmental and non-governmental organizations, with or without commercial objects, of different channels, sizes, social objects and backgrounds, ideologies, skill levels, targeting and segmentation.” The enterprises are recognized as public-policy actors of the International Cooperation for Development, of the Spanish Master Plan 2009-2013 and in the corresponding provisions in the Law and in the Master Plan of Cantabria. Through the partnerships, on the one hand, with enterprises and private organizations and, on the other hand, with public and private ones, for the purpose of Development, the corporate volunteering, since 2011, the European Union, proposes that the enterprises can find “partners” to make sure their actions of international cooperation in the fight against poverty and in favor of development can have maximum impact. The role of business in concerted policy and the projection contained in the Millennium Development Goals and its inclusion from 2015 is explained. According to businesses included (including those below) in the Strategies of the Base of the Pyramid (BoP10) , in recent years, it has been shown that the private sector is able to contribute significantly to improving the development of the most disadvantaged population groups, helping with business strategies to advocate for sustainability, taking advantage of the great impact of CSR tools. Thus, national and multinational enterprises have become key actors for development in a wide range of countries. The inclusive capitalism is a new way of thinking to reduce poverty, which speaks to transnational corporations in terms of business opportunities at the base of the pyramid: obtaining profit by doing good (doing well by doing good), wherever part of the “core business” of the enterprise might be. What companies can do for the poor through the BoP strategies is simple: “include people who have been excluded from the benefits of global trade and the market economy.” Prahalad, 2006 New trends in ESR increasingly talk of creating a shared value to society and in that sense, companies generate an additional culture of solidarity value. As is the case for scientific and technological cooperation: in with it is aimed to support the creation and strengthening of technological capabilities of the receiving country; as it is usually carried out by universities, research centers, laboratories, through university education and scholarships, the project under investigation is, among others, a classic example. Therefore, I present the project of the transnational corporation Hewlett Packard (HP) as an international actor, in the framework of Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility and its alliance with the Ministry of Education of Costa Rica, with the management model established and the corresponding monitoring.
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COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL, DIAGNÓSTICO, GESTIÓN, INNOVACIONES, PROYECTOS, DIAGNOSTICS, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INNOVATIONS, MANAGEMENT, PROJECTS