Posicionamiento competitivo y situación actual de los agricultores en la cadena global de mercancías. Estudio de caso “Cadena de melón en Costa Rica”.
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Fecha
2004-04
Autores
Sandi Meza, José Vinicio
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En esta investigación se aplica el enfoque de Cadenas de mercancías Globales, al caso de
estudio de la Cadena de Melón en Costa Rica. Su estudio implica el análisis de cuatro
dimensiones fundamentales; las cuales son a) estructura insumo producto, que estudia los
procesos de producción y comercialización con el fin de establecer las relaciones existentes
entre los agentes de la cadena, permite además establecer los niveles de integración y
funcionalidad entre los eslabones de la cadena; b) localización, en la cual se establecen
dos lógicas de estudio, la nacional y la internacional, esta dinámica permite establecer cuál
es el posicionamiento de Costa Rica en la producción de melón y el rol que desempeña; c)
la dimensión institucional, donde se estudia el rol que desempeña el Estado y su gobierno
en términos de políticas para el mejoramiento competitivo y la relaciones entre los agentes;
y d) la orientación de la cadena.
En esta investigación se realiza un análisis técnico descriptivo, en el que se considera la
lógica de las cadenas para estudiar la relación existente entre el productor y el siguiente
eslabón. El posicionamiento del agricultor, se analiza a través de los conceptos de
posicionamiento competitivo de Porter y el análisis de Upgrading de Gibbon. El análisis
permite diagnosticar y sugerir políticas que puedan colaborar con el mejoramiento del
sector y más específicamente con la relación “productor siguiente eslabón”.
Los resultados de la investigación, reflejan una cadena influenciada por la demanda, con
grandes empresas transnacionales relacionada al sector, además de otras empresas
comercializadoras o supermercados que marcan continuamente las estrategias de desarrollo
de la producción, principalmente en los pequeños productores.
This research is based on the methodology of Commodities' Global Chains, and focuses specifically on the study of the Melon Chain in Costa Rica. This implies the analysis of four fundamental dimensions: a) Product input structure which studies the production and comercialization processes with the purpose of visualizing the existing relationships between the agents in the chain; it allows to establish, at the same time, the levels of integration and functionality between the links of the chain; b) Localization, in which two study logics are established: the national and the international, which makes it possible to establish the positioning of Costa Rica with respect to the melon production and the role it performs; c) the institutional dimension, which allows the explanation of the role performed by the State and its government with reference of policies for the competitive improvement and the relations amongst agents; and d) the orientation of the chain. In this investigation a descriptive technical analysis is made, in which considerations of the logic of chains to study the existing relation between the producer and the following link. The positioning of the farmer, is analyzed through the concepts of competitive positioning of Porter; and the analysis of Upgrading of Gibbon. The analysis allows to diagnose and to suggest policies that can collaborate with the improvement of the sector and more specifically with the relation ̈Producer with the next link ̈. The results of the investigation, reflect a chain influenced by the demand, with big transnational companies related to the sector, in addition to other commercializing companies or supermarkets that continuously mark the strategies of production development, mainly in the small producers.
This research is based on the methodology of Commodities' Global Chains, and focuses specifically on the study of the Melon Chain in Costa Rica. This implies the analysis of four fundamental dimensions: a) Product input structure which studies the production and comercialization processes with the purpose of visualizing the existing relationships between the agents in the chain; it allows to establish, at the same time, the levels of integration and functionality between the links of the chain; b) Localization, in which two study logics are established: the national and the international, which makes it possible to establish the positioning of Costa Rica with respect to the melon production and the role it performs; c) the institutional dimension, which allows the explanation of the role performed by the State and its government with reference of policies for the competitive improvement and the relations amongst agents; and d) the orientation of the chain. In this investigation a descriptive technical analysis is made, in which considerations of the logic of chains to study the existing relation between the producer and the following link. The positioning of the farmer, is analyzed through the concepts of competitive positioning of Porter; and the analysis of Upgrading of Gibbon. The analysis allows to diagnose and to suggest policies that can collaborate with the improvement of the sector and more specifically with the relation ̈Producer with the next link ̈. The results of the investigation, reflect a chain influenced by the demand, with big transnational companies related to the sector, in addition to other commercializing companies or supermarkets that continuously mark the strategies of production development, mainly in the small producers.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MELON, AGRICULTORES, COSTA RICA, PRODUCCIÓN, COMERCIO