Presencia de los virus dengue, chikungunya y Zika y los haplotipos de larvas de Aedes albopictus en Costa Rica
Archivos
Fecha
2023
Autores
Beltré Núñez, Edwin
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Las enfermedades ocasionadas por el virus de dengue (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV) y
virus de chikungunya (CHIKV) son trasmitidas, entre otros, por Aedes albopictus en
forma horizontal a los humanos, a través de la picadura de un mosquito hembra
infectado; sin embargo, la hembra puede pasar el virus de manera vertical o
transovárica a sus descendientes, permitiendo así a estos arbovirus persistir en
periodos interepidémicos en huevos y larvas. Datos del 2020 reportaron 9400 casos
DENV, 49 casos CHIKV y 121 casos ZIKV, mostrando que estos arbovirus representan
un problema importante para la salud pública de Costa Rica. Las estrategias de control
de estos vectores incluyen la aplicación de insecticidas y la eliminación de los
criaderos, sin embargo, estudios de variación genética de las especies de Aedes
brindan información sobre dispersión y dinámica poblacional, lo que puede ser utilizado
para diseñar estrategias de control de estos vectores. El objetivo del presente trabajo
fue en una primera parte determinar los índices de diversidad de culícidos y detectar la
presencia de DENV, CHIKV y ZIKV en larvas de Ae. albopictus, para determinar
dominancias de especies y evidenciar la trasmisión transovárica de estos virus en
Costa Rica, y en una segunda parte, investigar la diversidad de haplotipos de Ae.
albopictus en diferentes distritos de Costa Rica. Se recolectaron larvas de mosquitos en
26 localidades de 19 distritos durante la época lluviosa de Costa Rica, los cuales se
identificaron a nivel de especie (Aedes y Culex) o género (Limatus) y se calcularon
diversos índices de diversidad. Una larva de Ae. albopictus por distrito se sometió a
extracción de ADN y análisis moleculares para determinar el haplotipo, mientras que
las larvas restantes de Ae. albopictus se sometieron a análisis molecular para detectar
la presencia de DENV, ZIKV y CHIKV. En total se recolectaron 5036 larvas de 8
especies distintas, Aedes aegypti resultó ser la especie más abundante (n=3188 63%),
seguida de Ae. albopictus (n=701, 14%). Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de
larvas de Ae. albopictus (n=105) en la localidad de Punta Morales. Guácimo y La
Virgen fueron los distritos con mayor riqueza de culícidos, encontrándose un total de
seis especies, mientras que en Jacó, La Suiza y Pital únicamente se encontró Ae.
aegypti. Pavones fue el distrito con mayor equitatividad y Siquirres con menor
equitatividad de diversidad y abundancia. Los grupos de larvas de Ae. albopictus (n=23) resultaron negativos a DENV, CHIKV y ZIKV en reacción en cadena de la
polimerasa con transcripción inversa en tiempo real (qRT-PCR)
Aedes albopictus se encontró en 11 de 19 distritos muestreados. Se determinó cinco
variantes genéticas, los haplotipos H3, H6, H26, H37 y H67, la presencia de tres
haplotipos (H3, H6 y H26) se reporta por primera vez en Costa Rica. Estos haplotipos
se encontraron cada uno solamente en un distrito, mientras que los otros dos
haplotipos (H37 y H67), ya reportados previamente, se encontraron en diferentes
distritos. El haplotipo más abundante fue el H67, que se encontró en cinco distritos,
seguido del H37 que se encontró en tres distritos. Los haplotipos presentaron entre tres
(n=1) y seis (n=5) sitios polimórficos, dos de los sitios polimórficos (40 y 94) afectan la
secuencia de los aminoácidos. El árbol filogenético estableció cinco clados bien
definidos. Los haplotipos encontrados, presentaron una estrecha relación entre sí,
observándose una diferencia moderada entre los haplotipos reportados anteriormente
(H67 y H37) y los nuevos haplotipos (H3 y H26) y una diferencia significativa entre los
haplotipos reportados anteriormente y el haplotipo 6. Se recomienda realizar estudios
sistemáticos de haplotipos de Ae. albopictus con un mayor número de muestras por
distrito o localidad y en diferentes estaciones climáticas e investigar si los haplotipos
más abundantes son resistentes a insecticidas o si presentan una transmisión
transovárica más efectiva.
Diseases caused by dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are transmitted, among others, by Aedes albopictus horizontally to humans through the bite of an infected female mosquito; however, the female can pass the virus vertically or transovarially to her offspring, allowing these arboviruses to persist in interepidemic periods in eggs and larvae. Data from 2020 reported 9400 DENV cases, 49 CHIKV cases and 121 ZIKV cases, showing that these arboviruses represent an important public health problem in Costa Rica. Control strategies for these vectors include the application of insecticides and elimination of breeding sites; however, studies of genetic variation of Aedes species provide information on dispersal and population dynamics, which can be used to design control strategies for these vectors. The objective of this study was to determine the diversity indexes of culicidae and detect the presence of DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV in Ae. albopictus larvae, in order to determine species dominance and demonstrate the transovarial transmission of these viruses in Costa Rica, and to investigate the diversity of Ae. albopictus haplotypes in different districts of Costa Rica. Mosquito larvae were collected from 26 localities in 19 districts during the rainy season in Costa Rica, identified to species (Aedes and Culex) or genus (Limatus) level and various diversity indices were calculated. One Ae. albopictus larva per district was subjected to DNA extraction and molecular analysis for haplotyping, while the remaining Ae. albopictus larvae were subjected to molecular analysis for the presence of DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV. In total, 5036 larvae of 8 different species were collected, Aedes aegypti proved to be the most abundant species (n=3188 63%), followed by Ae. albopictus (n=701, 14%). The presence of Ae. albopictus larvae (n=105) was reported for the first time in Punta Morales. Guácimo and La Virgen were the districts with the greatest richness of culicidae, with a total of six species, while in Jacó, La Suiza and Pital only Ae. aegypti was found. Pavones was the district with the greatest equitability and Siquirres with the least equitability of diversity and abundance. Groups of Ae. albopictus larvae (n=23) tested negative for DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV in real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Aedes albopictus was found in 11 of 19 districts sampled. Five genetic variants, haplotypes H3, H6, H26, H37 and H67, were determined; the presence of three haplotypes (H3, H6 and H26) is reported for the first time in Costa Rica. These haplotypes were each found in only one district, while the other two haplotypes (H37 and H67), already reported previously, were found in different districts. The most abundant haplotype was H67, which was found in five districts, followed by H37, which was found in three districts. The haplotypes presented between three (n=1) and six (n=5) polymorphic sites, two of the polymorphic sites (40 and 94) affect the amino acid sequence. The phylogenetic tree established five well-defined clades. The haplotypes found were closely related to each other, with a moderate difference between the previously reported haplotypes (H67 and H37) and the new haplotypes (H3 and H26) and a significant difference between the previously reported haplotypes and haplotype 6. Systematic studies of Ae. albopictus haplotypes with a larger number of samples per district or locality and in different climatic seasons are recommended to investigate whether the most abundant haplotypes are resistant to insecticides or if they show a more effective transovarial transmission.
Diseases caused by dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are transmitted, among others, by Aedes albopictus horizontally to humans through the bite of an infected female mosquito; however, the female can pass the virus vertically or transovarially to her offspring, allowing these arboviruses to persist in interepidemic periods in eggs and larvae. Data from 2020 reported 9400 DENV cases, 49 CHIKV cases and 121 ZIKV cases, showing that these arboviruses represent an important public health problem in Costa Rica. Control strategies for these vectors include the application of insecticides and elimination of breeding sites; however, studies of genetic variation of Aedes species provide information on dispersal and population dynamics, which can be used to design control strategies for these vectors. The objective of this study was to determine the diversity indexes of culicidae and detect the presence of DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV in Ae. albopictus larvae, in order to determine species dominance and demonstrate the transovarial transmission of these viruses in Costa Rica, and to investigate the diversity of Ae. albopictus haplotypes in different districts of Costa Rica. Mosquito larvae were collected from 26 localities in 19 districts during the rainy season in Costa Rica, identified to species (Aedes and Culex) or genus (Limatus) level and various diversity indices were calculated. One Ae. albopictus larva per district was subjected to DNA extraction and molecular analysis for haplotyping, while the remaining Ae. albopictus larvae were subjected to molecular analysis for the presence of DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV. In total, 5036 larvae of 8 different species were collected, Aedes aegypti proved to be the most abundant species (n=3188 63%), followed by Ae. albopictus (n=701, 14%). The presence of Ae. albopictus larvae (n=105) was reported for the first time in Punta Morales. Guácimo and La Virgen were the districts with the greatest richness of culicidae, with a total of six species, while in Jacó, La Suiza and Pital only Ae. aegypti was found. Pavones was the district with the greatest equitability and Siquirres with the least equitability of diversity and abundance. Groups of Ae. albopictus larvae (n=23) tested negative for DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV in real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Aedes albopictus was found in 11 of 19 districts sampled. Five genetic variants, haplotypes H3, H6, H26, H37 and H67, were determined; the presence of three haplotypes (H3, H6 and H26) is reported for the first time in Costa Rica. These haplotypes were each found in only one district, while the other two haplotypes (H37 and H67), already reported previously, were found in different districts. The most abundant haplotype was H67, which was found in five districts, followed by H37, which was found in three districts. The haplotypes presented between three (n=1) and six (n=5) polymorphic sites, two of the polymorphic sites (40 and 94) affect the amino acid sequence. The phylogenetic tree established five well-defined clades. The haplotypes found were closely related to each other, with a moderate difference between the previously reported haplotypes (H67 and H37) and the new haplotypes (H3 and H26) and a significant difference between the previously reported haplotypes and haplotype 6. Systematic studies of Ae. albopictus haplotypes with a larger number of samples per district or locality and in different climatic seasons are recommended to investigate whether the most abundant haplotypes are resistant to insecticides or if they show a more effective transovarial transmission.
Descripción
Palabras clave
DENGUE, VIRUS, AEDES AEGYPTI, COSTA RICA, AEDES ALBOPICTUS, MOSQUITOS