Asociación entre variables espaciales y eficiencia productiva en hatos lecheros usuarios del programa VAMPP Bovino-Costa Rica

Abstract

Asociación entre variables espaciales y eficiencia productiva en hatos lecheros. El objetivo de este estudio fue implementar el uso de SIG en conjunto con VAMPP para el análisis de rendimiento de hatos lecheros. Se georreferenciaron 1350 hatos con un tamaño promedio de 26,8 ha, de los cuales un 87,5% son lecherías especializadas, 45,4% se ubican en la región Huetar Norte, 78,5% presentan predominio de uso de razas Jersey, Holstein y sus cruces. El promedio de producción por lactancia es de 4875±1458 kg con 140±37 días abiertos. Los hatos se ubican a una distancia media de 12,2±7,8 km de la cabecera de cantón, 11±10,9 km de almacenes agroveterinarios, 19,4±10,9 km de centros de acopio y 0,22±0,49 km de rutas vecinales. Se obtuvieron coeficientes de autocorrelación espacial positivos y significativos (P<0,01) para las variables: vacas en producción (I=0,21), uso de concentrado (I=0,87), leche (I=0,79) y sólidos lácteos entregados (I=0,82). En un subgrupo de hatos (n=487), se determinó la asociación entre variables espaciales y eficiencia productiva mediante técnicas de análisis multivariado. El análisis de correlaciones canónicas identificó una primera raíz canónica (r=0,90) con asociaciones altas y positivas con la variable dependiente producción de leche por ha (KG) y las variables independientes: uso de concentrado, fertilizante y tipología de hato; mientras que la segunda raíz (r=0,45) mostró asociación positiva con las variables dependientes: edad al primer parto (EPP), intervalo parto concepción (IPC), edad de descarte (EDESC) y las variables independientes: temperatura (positiva), altitud (negativa) y precipitación (negativa). Se encontraron tendencias de mayor KG para los hatos con mayor uso de concentrados y fertilizantes, de tipología más lechera, con mayor número de vacas, menos hectáreas en producción, ubicados más cercanos a los almacenes agroveterinarios y en zonas de mayor precipitación. Las menores EPP e IPC se obtuvieron en los hatos de tipología más lechera en zonas altas, con mayor uso de concentrado y fertilizantes, con razas lecheras o sus cruces y ubicados en zonas de mayor precipitación. La menor EDESC se observó para los hatos de tipologías más lecheras, siendo la única variable significativa. Este estudio permitió realizar un análisis más integral de los hatos lecheros dentro de su entorno físico geográfico, identificando factores espaciales y de manejo que afectan su rendimiento, lo que puede ser de utilidad en la búsqueda de alternativas para la optimización de la producción lecheraAssociation between spatial variables and productive efficiency in dairy herds. The objective of this study was to implement the use of GIS in conjunction with VAMPP for dairy herd performance analysis. analysis of dairy herd performance. A total of 1350 herds with an average size of 26.8 ha were georeferenced. of 26.8 ha, of which 87.5% are specialized dairies, 45.4% are located in the Huetar Norte region, 78.5% are located in the Huetar Norte region, 78.5% are located in the Huetar Huetar Norte region, 78.5% predominantly use Jersey, Holstein and their crossbreeds. The average production per lactation is 4875±1458 kg with 140±37 days open. The herds The herds are located at an average distance of 12.2±7.8 km from the head of the canton, 11±10.9 km from 19.4±10.9 km from stocking centers and 0.22±0.49 km from local roads. roads. Positive and significant spatial autocorrelation coefficients were obtained (P<0.01) were obtained for the variables: cows in production (I=0.21), use of concentrate (I=0.87), milk (I=0.79) and solids (I=0.79). (I=0.79) and milk solids delivered (I=0.82). In a subgroup of herds (n=487), the association between spatial variables and spatial efficiency was determined. the association between spatial variables and productive efficiency was determined using multivariate analysis techniques. multivariate analysis techniques. The analysis of canonical correlations identified a first canonical root (r=0.90) with high and positive associations with the dependent variable milk production per hectare (KG) and the independent variables ha (KG) and the independent variables: use of concentrate, fertilizer and herd type; (r=0.45) showed a positive association with the dependent variables: age at first calving (AFL) and dependent variables: age at first calving (EPP), calving conception interval (IPC), age at culling (EDESC), and the independent (EDESC) and the independent variables: temperature (positive), altitude (negative) and precipitation (negative). precipitation (negative). Trends of higher KG were found for the herds with higher use of concentrates and fertilizers, of higher KG for the herds with higher use of concentrates and fertilizers of concentrates and fertilizers, of a more dairy type, with a greater number of cows, less hectares in production, located closer to hectares in production, located closer to agroveterinary warehouses and in areas with higher rainfall. areas with higher rainfall. The lowest PPE and CPI were obtained in herds of a more dairy typology in higher elevations, with more cows, less hectares in production, located closer to the agro-veterinary The lowest PPE and CPI were obtained in herds of a more dairy type in higher altitudes, with greater use of concentrate and fertilizer, with dairy breeds or their crossbreeds and located in areas with higher rainfall. and located in areas with higher rainfall. The lowest EDESC was observed for The lowest EDESC was observed for herds of more dairy typologies, being the only significant variable. This study made it possible to This study allowed for a more comprehensive analysis of dairy herds within their physical and geographic environment, spatial and management factors that affect their performance, which can be useful in the search for alternatives for the useful in the search for alternatives to optimize milk production.