Una colección de documentos sobre las relaciones económicas entre los Estados Unidos y Centroamérica (1906-1956) de la CEPAL: traducción y memoria.
Fecha
1999
Autores
Rodríguez Salazar, Sonia
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La historia socioecónómica de la Centroamérica del siglo XX falta aún por
escribirse con base en fuentes primarias. Sin embargo, otros períodos más
distantes de la historia del istmo se han estudiado por completo. La época colonial
ha sido descrita y analizada de manera formidable en el libro de Murdo McLeod
sobre la historia socioeconómica de Centroamérica de 1520 a 1720. Este es el
mejor estudio que se encuentra disponible sobre el período colonial y seguirá
siéndolo por muchos años más. Algunos períodos como el siglo XIX y la independencia de España son
abarcados relativamente bien, a pesar de que no existe aún una historia económica
del siglo pasado comparada a la que existe del período colonial. Hace poco se
publicó un estudio de la "economía política" centroamericana que va de 1920 hasta
hoy. Este constituye el estudio más completo del período contemporáneo que se
tenga a la disposición, solo que se basa únicamente en fuentes secundarias. Los documentos que se incluyen en esta colección constituyen fuentes primarias que tratan la relación económica externa más decisiva del siglo XX en Centroamérica. Como se muestra, la presencia de los Estados Unidos es tan penetrante que constituye una de las claves principales para entender la evolución
económica y social de los países centroamericanos de hoy en día: Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y Nicaragua. De hecho, los documentos que aquí
se presentan sostienen la idea de que para Centroamérica, el siglo XX es el siglo
americano, noción que ya se había discutido anteriormente. Pocas referencias atañen directamente a las condiciones reinantes en los países centroamericanos o las posturas que los mismos adoptaron en las
negociaciones con el gobierno de los Estados Unidos y las corporaciones
estadounidenses. Con pocas excepciones, el punto de vista que aparece en los
documentos es el del gobierno de los Estados Unidos, tal y como se refleja en los
mensaje es trasmitidos por algunos diplomáticos situados en Centroamérica.
Quienes se interesen en el punto de vista centroamericano tendrán que valerse de
los documentos en los archivos nacionales de cada país.
La publicación de esta limitada muestra manifiesta la riqueza de las fuentes
primarias disponibles en los Archivos Nacionales de los Estados Unidos . Aun así,
esta colección es representativa pero no exhaustiva. Algunos eventos importantes
del período cubierto no se mencionan, en vista de que no se encontraron los
documentos pertinentes en los Archivos. Por ejemplo, bajo los encabezados
generales de economía investigados, no se hallaron los documentos referidos a las
consecuencias económicas de la intervención militar de los Estados Unidos en
Nicaragua en el período de 1911 a 1933. Se escogió la etapa de 1906-1956 por lo práctico que era, ya que en los Archivos Nacionales que empiezan en 1910 los documentos están clasificados por
materia. Este sistema de clasificación facilitaba el acceso a los documentos que
tratan específicamente sobre las relaciones económicas entre Centroamérica y los
Estados Unidos. El último año que se cubrió, 1956, es el que más recientemente
se encuentra disponible conforme a las reglas de acceso.
Se incluyen algunos documentos publicados con anterioridad (pero poco
conocidos) ya que ilustran los variados temas que se abarcaron, en especial los
publicados al principio y al final del período. Algunas de las fuentes publicadas
datan de 1906 a 1925, mientras que otras son tan recientes como las de 1956. Esto
permite que se compare el estado de estas economías por un período de 50 años;
a su vez, tal comparación también permite identificar los profundos cambios
socioeconómicos que se vivieron durante medio siglo en esta región.
Muchos otros propósitos se cumplen con la recolección y publicación de
estos documentos. Se espera que atraigan a los historiadores para que examinen
la especial relación que ha prevalecido entre los Estados Unidos y Centroamérica
a través de este siglo. Su elocuencia ayuda a ilustrar la dinámica de tal conexión
y las etapas por la que ha pasado y, por último, los documentos confirman la
existencia de algunas características del desarrollo centroamericano. Los países centroamericanos disfrutan de una relación económica dinámica con los Estados Unidos durante los 50 años que estos documentos engloban. Su publicación puede debilitar las amplias generalizaciones que des interpretan y
reprimen la dinámica de tan intensa y variada relación.
En primer lugar, estos documentos confirman que durante el siglo XX,
Estados Unidos emergió como el socio comerciante, la fuente financiera y el
inversionista más importantes del istmo. A principios del siglo, Estados Unidos
ya abastecía a más de la mitad de las importaciones centroamericanas y absorbía
parte igual de las exportaciones. Inglaterra y Alemania. los otros socios
comerciales más importantes, ya se encontraban bastante relegados.
Esta imperante posición comercial persistió y se intensificó durante los años
de la Gran Depresión y la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Se convirtió en una relación
especial con la firma de tratados comerciales recíprocos por parte de los cinco
gobiernos centroamericanos. Tales acuerdos se mantuvieron vigentes hasta
mediados de la década de 1950, lo cual pospuso los primeros pasos hacia la
industrialización generada por el funcionamiento distinto de los mercados
mundiales durante la depresión y la guerra. Finalmente, es significativo que con la pérdida de tan beneficiosas relaciones comerciales, los gobiernos centroamericanos intensificaran su
interdependencia comercial al emprender un proceso de integración económica.
The socio-economic history of 20th century Central America has yet to be written based on primary sources. However, other more distant periods in the history of the isthmus have been fully studied. The colonial era has been described and analyzed in a formidable way in Murdo McLeod's book on the socio-economic history of Central America from 1520 to 1720. This is the best available study of the colonial period and will remain so for many years to come. Some periods such as the 19th century and independence from Spain are relatively well covered, even though there is no economic history of the last century compared to the colonial period. A study of Central America's "political economy" from 1920 to the present was recently published. This is the most complete study of the contemporary period available, only based on secondary sources. The documents included in this collection are primary sources dealing with the most decisive external economic relationship of the 20th century in Central America. As shown, the presence of the United States is so pervasive that it constitutes one of the main keys to understanding the economic and social evolution of Central American countries today: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. In fact, the documents presented here support the idea that for Central America, the 20th century is the American century, a notion that had been discussed earlier. Few references directly concern the conditions prevailing in Central American countries or the positions they adopted in negotiations with the United States government and US corporations. With few exceptions, the viewpoint in the documents is that of the United States government, as reflected in the messages transmitted by some diplomats based in Central America. Those interested in the Central American point of view will have to use the documents in the national archives of each country. The publication of this limited sample demonstrates the richness of the primary sources available in the United States National Archives. Even so, this collection is representative but not exhaustive. Some important events from the period covered are not mentioned, since the relevant documents were not found in the Archives. For example, under the general headings of economics researched, no documents were found that referred to the economic consequences of the U.S. military intervention in Nicaragua in the period 1911-1933. The 1906-1956 stage was chosen because it was practical, since in the National Archives beginning in 1910 the documents are classified by subject. This system of classification facilitated access to documents dealing specifically with economic relations between Central America and the United States. The last year covered, 1956, is the most recent year available under the access rules. Some previously published (but little known) documents are included as they illustrate the various topics covered, especially those published at the beginning and end of the period. Some of the published sources date from 1906 to 1925, while others are as recent as 1956. This allows for a comparison of the state of these economies over a 50-year period; in turn, such a comparison also allows for the identification of the profound socio-economic changes that took place over half a century in this region. Many other purposes are served by the collection and publication of these documents. It is hoped that they will attract historians to examine the special relationship that has prevailed between the United States and Central America throughout this century. Their eloquence helps to illustrate the dynamics of that connection and the stages it has gone through, and finally, the documents confirm the existence of some characteristics of Central American development. Central American countries have enjoyed a dynamic economic relationship with the United States during the 50 years covered by these documents. Their publication may weaken the broad generalizations that misinterpret and repress the dynamics of such an intense and varied relationship. First, these documents confirm that during the 20th century, the United States emerged as the most important trading partner, financial source and investor in the isthmus. At the beginning of the century, the United States already supplied more than half of Central America's imports and absorbed an equal share of its exports. England and Germany, the other most important trading partners, were already well behind. This prevailing trade position persisted and intensified over the years of the Great Depression and World War II. It became a relationship. The signing of reciprocal trade agreements by the five countries Central American governments. These agreements remained in force until the mid-1950s, which postponed the first steps towards industrialization generated by the different functioning of the markets during the depression and the war. Finally, it is significant that with the loss of such beneficial trade relations, Central American governments intensified their trade interdependence when embarking on a process of economic integration.
The socio-economic history of 20th century Central America has yet to be written based on primary sources. However, other more distant periods in the history of the isthmus have been fully studied. The colonial era has been described and analyzed in a formidable way in Murdo McLeod's book on the socio-economic history of Central America from 1520 to 1720. This is the best available study of the colonial period and will remain so for many years to come. Some periods such as the 19th century and independence from Spain are relatively well covered, even though there is no economic history of the last century compared to the colonial period. A study of Central America's "political economy" from 1920 to the present was recently published. This is the most complete study of the contemporary period available, only based on secondary sources. The documents included in this collection are primary sources dealing with the most decisive external economic relationship of the 20th century in Central America. As shown, the presence of the United States is so pervasive that it constitutes one of the main keys to understanding the economic and social evolution of Central American countries today: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. In fact, the documents presented here support the idea that for Central America, the 20th century is the American century, a notion that had been discussed earlier. Few references directly concern the conditions prevailing in Central American countries or the positions they adopted in negotiations with the United States government and US corporations. With few exceptions, the viewpoint in the documents is that of the United States government, as reflected in the messages transmitted by some diplomats based in Central America. Those interested in the Central American point of view will have to use the documents in the national archives of each country. The publication of this limited sample demonstrates the richness of the primary sources available in the United States National Archives. Even so, this collection is representative but not exhaustive. Some important events from the period covered are not mentioned, since the relevant documents were not found in the Archives. For example, under the general headings of economics researched, no documents were found that referred to the economic consequences of the U.S. military intervention in Nicaragua in the period 1911-1933. The 1906-1956 stage was chosen because it was practical, since in the National Archives beginning in 1910 the documents are classified by subject. This system of classification facilitated access to documents dealing specifically with economic relations between Central America and the United States. The last year covered, 1956, is the most recent year available under the access rules. Some previously published (but little known) documents are included as they illustrate the various topics covered, especially those published at the beginning and end of the period. Some of the published sources date from 1906 to 1925, while others are as recent as 1956. This allows for a comparison of the state of these economies over a 50-year period; in turn, such a comparison also allows for the identification of the profound socio-economic changes that took place over half a century in this region. Many other purposes are served by the collection and publication of these documents. It is hoped that they will attract historians to examine the special relationship that has prevailed between the United States and Central America throughout this century. Their eloquence helps to illustrate the dynamics of that connection and the stages it has gone through, and finally, the documents confirm the existence of some characteristics of Central American development. Central American countries have enjoyed a dynamic economic relationship with the United States during the 50 years covered by these documents. Their publication may weaken the broad generalizations that misinterpret and repress the dynamics of such an intense and varied relationship. First, these documents confirm that during the 20th century, the United States emerged as the most important trading partner, financial source and investor in the isthmus. At the beginning of the century, the United States already supplied more than half of Central America's imports and absorbed an equal share of its exports. England and Germany, the other most important trading partners, were already well behind. This prevailing trade position persisted and intensified over the years of the Great Depression and World War II. It became a relationship. The signing of reciprocal trade agreements by the five countries Central American governments. These agreements remained in force until the mid-1950s, which postponed the first steps towards industrialization generated by the different functioning of the markets during the depression and the war. Finally, it is significant that with the loss of such beneficial trade relations, Central American governments intensified their trade interdependence when embarking on a process of economic integration.
Descripción
Palabras clave
DOCUMENTOS, RELACIONES ECONÓMICAS INTERNACIONALES, CONDICIONES ECONÓMICAS, TRADUCCIÓN, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA, DOCUMENTS, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, TRANSLATION, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA