Comparación de la habilidad reproductiva y mortalidad del ácaro Varroa destructor en celdas con cría de obrera y zángano en abejas africanizadas de Costa Rica
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Fecha
2014-10-31
Autores
Van Veen, Johan
Chacón, Luis Zamora
Quesada, Mariela
Calderón Fallas, Rafel Ángel
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Se estudió la reproducción del ácaro Varroa destructor en celdas con cría de obrera
y zángano. Además se evaluó la mortalidad de la progenie de V. destructor, especialmente la
muerte o ausencia del macho. El estudio se realizó de marzo a diciembre de 2010, utilizando
15 colmenas de abejas africanizadas ubicadas en Barreal de Heredia y Ciudad Colón, San José. Se
examinaron 388 celdas de obrera y 403 celdas de zángano infestadas de manera natural con un
ácaro adulto. La reproducción de cada ácaro se determinó analizando los siguientes parámetros:
fertilidad, fecundidad, producción de hijas viables, producción de cría inmadura, producción de
únicamente hijas o únicamente machos y la ausencia de reproducción. La fertilidad de V. destructor
en celdas de obrera fue de un 88.9%, con un promedio de 3.2 descendientes por ácaro. Mientras
que la fertilidad del ácaro en celdas de zángano correspondió a un 93.1%, produciéndose 4.0
descendientes por ácaro. En cría de obrera, el 37.6% de los ácaros produjo hijas viables, el
14.7% hijas no viables, el 4.6% produjo cría inmadura y el 32.0% cría de un solo sexo. En celdas
de zángano, el 64.8% de los ácaros produjo hijas viables, el 5.2% hijas no viables, el 1.0% cría
inmadura, mientras que el 22.1% cría de un solo sexo. Además, en cría de obrera se observó
una alta mortalidad en los estadios de protoninfa móvil (66.4%), protoninfa inmóvil (45.2%),
deutoninfa móvil (17.6%) y el macho adulto (23.9%). En el 40.0% de las celdas de obrera con
reproducción, se registró la muerte o ausencia del macho. En cría de zángano la mortalidad se
registró principalmente en el estadio de protoninfa móvil (78.4%) e inmóvil (42.6%). Además, la
muerte o ausencia del macho se observó en el 21.3% de las celdas de zángano. La fertilidad de
V. destructor fue similar en celdas de obrera y zángano. Sin embargo, el número de hijas viables
producidas por el ácaro fue mayor en la cría de zángano comparado con la cría de obrera. Por otro
lado, la mortalidad o ausencia del macho fue significativamente mayor en cría de obrera. Por lo
anterior, se debe indicar que el ácaro V. destructor presentó un mayor éxito reproductivo en cría
de zángano, siendo está cría más apta para su reproducción.
The reproduction of the mite Varroa destructor was studied in worker and drone brood cells of Africanized honey bees. In addition, the mortality of mite offspring was evaluated, particularly male absence or mortality. The study was conducted from March to December 2010, using 15 colonies located at Barreal de Heredia and Ciudad Colón, San José. A total of 388 worker cells and 403 drone cells naturally infested by an adult male mite were examined. Mite reproduction was studied using the following parameters: fertility, fecundity, production of viable female offspring, production of immature offspring, production of only female or only male offspring, and no reproduction at all. Fertility of V. destructor infesting worker brood was 88.9% and average fecundity was 3.2 descendants per mite. On the other hand, mite fertility in drone brood was 93.1% and average fecundity was 4.0 descendants per mite. In worker cells, 37.6% of mites produced viable female offspring, 14.7% non-viable female offspring, 4.6% immature offspring and 32.0% offspring of only one sex. Of the mites that reproduced in drone brood, 64.8% produced viable female offspring, 5.2% non-viable offspring, 1.0% immature offspring, and 22.1% offspring of only one sex. In addition, in worker cells high mortality was observed in the mobile protonymph (66.4%), immobile protonymph (45.2%), mobile deutonymph, and adult male (23.9%). Male absence or mortality was determined in 40.0% of the worker cells with reproduction. In drone brood, mite mortality was recorded mainly in the mobile protonymph (78.4%) and immobile protonymph (42.6%). Male absence or mortality was determined in 21.3% of the drone cells with reproduction. Mite fertility was similar in both worker and drone brood. Nevertheless, the number of viable females produced per mite was higher in drone brood compared to worker brood. On the other hand, male absence or mortality was significantly higher in worker cells. This indicates that reproduction of the V. destructor mite was more successful with drone brood, which makes it more suitable for mite reproduction.
The reproduction of the mite Varroa destructor was studied in worker and drone brood cells of Africanized honey bees. In addition, the mortality of mite offspring was evaluated, particularly male absence or mortality. The study was conducted from March to December 2010, using 15 colonies located at Barreal de Heredia and Ciudad Colón, San José. A total of 388 worker cells and 403 drone cells naturally infested by an adult male mite were examined. Mite reproduction was studied using the following parameters: fertility, fecundity, production of viable female offspring, production of immature offspring, production of only female or only male offspring, and no reproduction at all. Fertility of V. destructor infesting worker brood was 88.9% and average fecundity was 3.2 descendants per mite. On the other hand, mite fertility in drone brood was 93.1% and average fecundity was 4.0 descendants per mite. In worker cells, 37.6% of mites produced viable female offspring, 14.7% non-viable female offspring, 4.6% immature offspring and 32.0% offspring of only one sex. Of the mites that reproduced in drone brood, 64.8% produced viable female offspring, 5.2% non-viable offspring, 1.0% immature offspring, and 22.1% offspring of only one sex. In addition, in worker cells high mortality was observed in the mobile protonymph (66.4%), immobile protonymph (45.2%), mobile deutonymph, and adult male (23.9%). Male absence or mortality was determined in 40.0% of the worker cells with reproduction. In drone brood, mite mortality was recorded mainly in the mobile protonymph (78.4%) and immobile protonymph (42.6%). Male absence or mortality was determined in 21.3% of the drone cells with reproduction. Mite fertility was similar in both worker and drone brood. Nevertheless, the number of viable females produced per mite was higher in drone brood compared to worker brood. On the other hand, male absence or mortality was significantly higher in worker cells. This indicates that reproduction of the V. destructor mite was more successful with drone brood, which makes it more suitable for mite reproduction.
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Palabras clave
ABEJAS, REPRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL, COSTA RICA, APICULTURA, COLMENAS (CAJAS), BEES, ANIMAL REPRODUCTION, BEEKEEPING, HIVES (BOXES)