Determinación de toxinas amnésicas y lipofílicas en moluscos bivalvos de interés comercial en Costa Rica mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrómetro de masas en Tándem
Fecha
2020
Autores
Hernández Rojas, Susana
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Las toxinas amnésicas y lipofílicas son sustancias producidas por distintas especies marinas de
dinoflagelados, diatomeas y cianobacterias durante las mareas rojas tóxicas. La acumulación de toxinas en los alimentos de origen marino para consumo humano, principalmente en especies filtradoras, como los moluscos bivalvos, representa un riesgo para la salud pública debido a que estas pueden provocar intoxicaciones severas. En el presente estudio se optimizó y se validó el método para la determinación del ácido domoico (DA), ácido okadaico (OA), dinofisistoxina-1 (DTX1), dinofisistoxina-2 (DTX2), y los azaspirácidos 1, 2 y 3 (AZA1, AZA2 y AZA3), mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a un espectrómetro de masas en tándem (HPLC-MS/MS). La separación y el análisis de las toxinas se obtuvo a partir de la corrida cromatográfica en gradiente con dos fases móviles: la fase móvil A consistió en 100 % agua con 2 mmol/L de formiato de amonio y 50 mmol/L de ácido fórmico; mientras que la fase móvil B consistió en 95 % de acetonitrilo y 5 % de agua con 2 mmol/L de formiato de amonio y 50 mmol/L de ácido fórmico. Antes de la validación del método, se evaluó el efecto matriz en la especie Crassostrea gigas, donde se observó que dicho efecto genera un aumento de la señal para el grupo OA en un rango de 146 % a 245 %, para el grupo AZA entre 11 % a 95 %, y una supresión de señal para el DA del 14 %. Los límites de detección y cuantificación para el DA fueron 0,10 mg/kg y 0,30 mg/kg, respectivamente; para el grupo OA fue de 0,010 mg/kg y 0,060 mg/kg, respectivamente; y para el grupo AZA fueron de 0,010 mg/kg y 0,030 mg/kg, respectivamente. Se estableció el rango de trabajo a partir de los límites de cuantificación de cada toxina: DA: (0,3004 a 4,0054) mg/kg; OA: (0,0599 a 0,3992) mg/kg, DTX1: (0,0606 a 0,4040) mg/kg; DTX2: (0,0599 a 0,3992) mg/kg; AZA1: (0,0300 a 0,4000) mg/kg; AZA2: (0,0300 a 0,3998) mg/kg; y AZA3: (0,0299 a 0,3985) mg/kg. La linealidad del método se evaluó a partir del coeficiente de correlación y del coeficiente de determinación, cuyos resultados en ambos parámetros fueron mayores a 0,997 para todos los analitos. Para la evaluación de la veracidad, se obtuvieron valores de porcentaje de recuperación entre 49 % y 63 % para el grupo OA, 85 % y 110 % para el grupo AZA y
100 % para el DA. Se obtuvieron valores de coeficientes de variación menor al 20 % en todos los
analitos para la evaluación de la precisión. Finalmente, se evaluaron 60 muestras de ostra japonesa
(Crassostrea gigas) recolectadas entre agosto de 2018 y junio de 2019, provenientes de las granjas
ostrícolas del Golfo de Nicoya en Costa Rica, para las cuales no se detectó presencia alguna de las
toxinas estudiadas; por tanto, se concluye que, durante este periodo, no se presentaron eventos de
mareas rojas toxicas en la zona.
Amnesic and lipophilic toxins are substances produced by different marine species of dinoflagellates, diatoms, and cyanobacteria during toxic red tides. The accumulation of toxins in food of marine origin for human consumption, mainly in filter species, such as bivalve mollusks, represents a risk to public health because they can cause severe poisoning. In the present study, the method for the determination of domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), and azaspiracids 1, 2 and 3 ( AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3), by liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS / MS). The separation and analysis of toxins was obtained from a gradient chromatographic run with two mobile phases: mobile phase A consisted of 100% water with 2 mmol / L of ammonium formate and 50 mmol / L of formic acid; while mobile phase B consisted of 95% acetonitrile and 5% water with 2 mmol / L of ammonium formate and 50 mmol / L of formic acid. Before validating the method, the matrix effect was evaluated in the Crassostrea gigas species, where it was observed that this effect generates an increase in the signal for the OA group in a range of 146% to 245%, for the AZA group between 11 % to 95%, and a signal suppression for DA of 14%. The detection and quantification limits for DA were 0.10 mg / kg and 0.30 mg / kg, respectively; for the OA group it was 0.010 mg / kg and 0.060 mg / kg, respectively; and for the AZA group they were 0.010 mg / kg and 0.030 mg / kg, respectively. The working range was established from the limits of quantification of each toxin: DA: (0.3004 to 4.0054) mg / kg; OA: (0.0599 to 0.3992) mg / kg, DTX1: (0.0606 to 0.4040) mg / kg; DTX2: (0.0599 to 0.3992) mg / kg; AZA1: (0.0300 to 0.4000) mg / kg; AZA2: (0.0300 to 0.3998) mg / kg; and AZA3: (0.0299 to 0.3985) mg / kg. The linearity of the method was evaluated from the correlation coefficient and the determination coefficient, whose results in both parameters were greater than 0.997 for all analytes. For the evaluation of the veracity, recovery percentage values between 49% and 63% were obtained for the OA group, 85% and 110% for the AZA group and 100% for the DA. Coefficient of variation values of less than 20% were obtained in all analytes for precision evaluation. Finally, 60 samples of Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas) collected between August 2018 and June 2019, from the oyster farms of the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica, were evaluated, for which no presence of the studied toxins was detected; therefore, it is concluded that, during this period, there were no toxic red tide events in the area.
Amnesic and lipophilic toxins are substances produced by different marine species of dinoflagellates, diatoms, and cyanobacteria during toxic red tides. The accumulation of toxins in food of marine origin for human consumption, mainly in filter species, such as bivalve mollusks, represents a risk to public health because they can cause severe poisoning. In the present study, the method for the determination of domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), and azaspiracids 1, 2 and 3 ( AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3), by liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS / MS). The separation and analysis of toxins was obtained from a gradient chromatographic run with two mobile phases: mobile phase A consisted of 100% water with 2 mmol / L of ammonium formate and 50 mmol / L of formic acid; while mobile phase B consisted of 95% acetonitrile and 5% water with 2 mmol / L of ammonium formate and 50 mmol / L of formic acid. Before validating the method, the matrix effect was evaluated in the Crassostrea gigas species, where it was observed that this effect generates an increase in the signal for the OA group in a range of 146% to 245%, for the AZA group between 11 % to 95%, and a signal suppression for DA of 14%. The detection and quantification limits for DA were 0.10 mg / kg and 0.30 mg / kg, respectively; for the OA group it was 0.010 mg / kg and 0.060 mg / kg, respectively; and for the AZA group they were 0.010 mg / kg and 0.030 mg / kg, respectively. The working range was established from the limits of quantification of each toxin: DA: (0.3004 to 4.0054) mg / kg; OA: (0.0599 to 0.3992) mg / kg, DTX1: (0.0606 to 0.4040) mg / kg; DTX2: (0.0599 to 0.3992) mg / kg; AZA1: (0.0300 to 0.4000) mg / kg; AZA2: (0.0300 to 0.3998) mg / kg; and AZA3: (0.0299 to 0.3985) mg / kg. The linearity of the method was evaluated from the correlation coefficient and the determination coefficient, whose results in both parameters were greater than 0.997 for all analytes. For the evaluation of the veracity, recovery percentage values between 49% and 63% were obtained for the OA group, 85% and 110% for the AZA group and 100% for the DA. Coefficient of variation values of less than 20% were obtained in all analytes for precision evaluation. Finally, 60 samples of Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas) collected between August 2018 and June 2019, from the oyster farms of the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica, were evaluated, for which no presence of the studied toxins was detected; therefore, it is concluded that, during this period, there were no toxic red tide events in the area.
Descripción
Hernández Rojas, S. (2020). Determinación de toxinas amnésicas y lipofílicas en moluscos bivalvos de interés comercial en Costa Rica mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrómetro de masas en Tándem. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
TOXINAS MARINAS, BIVALVOS, CROMATOGRAFÍA, MARINE TOXINS, MAREA ROJA, RED TIDE, GOLFO DE NICOYA (COSTA RICA)