Evaluación de implantes de glándulas androgénicas en hembras de Litopenaeus vannamei (Penaeidae)
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Fecha
2015
Autores
Vega Alpízar, Jose Luis
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Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El cultivo de camarón es una de las principales industrias acuícolas a nivel mundial. Por su parte, Litopenaeus vannamei es una de las especies con mayor importancia comercial, representando un 71.8% de la producción de todas las especies cultivadas en el 2010. L. vannamei presenta un dimorfismo sexual, en donde la hembra es más grande que el macho, volviéndose importante esta diferencia después de los 17 g en promedio. La glándula androgénica produce la hormona encargada de la diferenciación sexual de los machos en crustáceos, y esta glándula a su vez se encuentra separada de las gónadas, lo que permite la manipulación fenotípica del sexo sin alterar las gónadas gametogénicas. El fin de esta investigación fue implementar y validar el procedimiento para inducir la masculinización en hembras de L. vannamei y con ello producir neomachos viables, lo cual sería el punto de partida para la implementación de cultivos monosexuales (solo hembras). Se realizaron implantes de ámpula terminal y su glándula androgénica asociada en tres grupos: el primer y segundo grupo (Lote 1 y 2) fueron hembras en las que se evaluaron indicadores de masculinización, el tercer grupo fueron machos y hembras en donde se evaluó únicamente la aceptación inmunológica del implante por parte del individuo receptor. También, se evaluó la supervivencia de los individuos a la cirugía y se tomaron muestras histológicas de gónadas y de implantes. La supervivencia de las hembras receptoras a la cirugía a los 7 días se mantuvo entre 56 y 76%. Se presentó melanización solo en una pequeña fracción de los implantes, siendo mayor en el grupo que recibió mayor manipulación (Lote l). Los implantes que no se melanizaron, disminuyeron su tamaño significativamente del día 1 al 15; sin embargo, los cortes histológicos mostraron que las células se mantuvieron vivas. Además, mediante los cortes histológicos de implantes se confirmó la presencia de células de glándula androgénica en la parte distal del ámpula terminal. Dos de las hembras implantadas con glándula androgénica del lote 1 mostraron endopoditos del primer par de pleópodos con una estructura rectangular y sin setas en la curvatura, que parece indicar algún grado de masculinización. El patrón de dispersión de setas fue diferente los individuos del lote 1 e implantados con glándula androgénica, Las hembras del lote 2 mostraron endopoditos normales de hembras. En todos los casos (controles y tratamientos), los endopoditos regenerados fueron más grandes que los intactos; sin embargo, esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa solo en las hembras del lote 1. Los cortes histológicos de gónadas no mostraron diferencia con los cortes de las hembras El procedimiento es viable en términos de supervivencia, dentro del rango de tamaño usado en este trabajo. Solo una pequeña fracción de implantes presentaron melanización, lo cual sugiere que puede ser un rechazo por parte de la hembra a un factor contaminante en el implante y no al tejido en sí mismo. Entre las posibles causas por las que no se dio una masculinización evidente se encuentran el grado de desarrollo del macho donante y de la hembra receptora, la dosis, el tiempo que pudo durar el implante viable en la hembra y la plasticidad sexual de la especie. En términos generales, el procedimiento quirúrgico no es técnicamente viable, por lo que se recomienda implementar un enfoque molecular, para untar individuos que aún no hayan desarrollado las características sexuales primarias y secundarias.
Shrimp farming is one of the main aquaculture industries worldwide. For its part, Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most commercially important species, representing 71.8% of the production of all cultivated species in 2010. L. vannamei presents sexual dimorphism, where the female is larger than the male. , this difference becoming important after 17 g on average. The androgenic gland produces the hormone responsible for the sexual differentiation of males in crustaceans, and this gland, in turn, is separated from the gonads, which allows the phenotypic manipulation of sex without altering the gametogenic gonads. The purpose of this research was to implement and validate the procedure to induce masculinization in L. vannamei females and thereby produce viable neomales, which would be the starting point for the implementation of monosexual cultures (females only). Terminal ampulla and its associated androgenic gland implants were performed in three groups: the first and second groups (Lots 1 and 2) were females in which masculinization indicators were evaluated, the third group were males and females where only the immunological acceptance of the implant by the recipient individual. Also, the survival of the individuals to surgery was evaluated and histological samples of gonads and implants were taken. Survival of females receiving surgery at 7 days remained between 56 and 76%. Melanization occurred only in a small fraction of the implants, being higher in the group that received more manipulation (Lot 1). The implants that were not melanized decreased significantly in size from day 1 to 15; however, histological sections showed that the cells remained alive. In addition, the histological sections of the implants confirmed the presence of androgen gland cells in the distal part of the terminal ampulla. Two of the females implanted with androgen gland from batch 1 showed endopodites of the first pair of pleopods with a rectangular structure and no setae on the curvature, which seems to indicate some degree of masculinization. The dispersal pattern of setae was different in individuals from batch 1 and those implanted with androgen glands. Females from batch 2 showed normal female endopodites. In all cases (controls and treatments), the regenerated endopodites were larger than the intact ones; however, this difference was statistically significant only in the females of lot 1. Histological sections of the gonads did not show differences with the sections of the females. The procedure is viable in terms of survival, within the size range used in this work. Only a small fraction of the implants presented melanization, which suggests that it may be a rejection by the female of a contaminating factor in the implant and not the tissue itself. Among the possible causes for which an evident masculinization did not occur are the degree of development of the donor male and the recipient female, the dose, the time that the viable implant could last in the female and the sexual plasticity of the species. In general terms, the surgical procedure is not technically feasible, so it is recommended to implement a molecular approach, to anoint individuals who have not yet developed primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
Shrimp farming is one of the main aquaculture industries worldwide. For its part, Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most commercially important species, representing 71.8% of the production of all cultivated species in 2010. L. vannamei presents sexual dimorphism, where the female is larger than the male. , this difference becoming important after 17 g on average. The androgenic gland produces the hormone responsible for the sexual differentiation of males in crustaceans, and this gland, in turn, is separated from the gonads, which allows the phenotypic manipulation of sex without altering the gametogenic gonads. The purpose of this research was to implement and validate the procedure to induce masculinization in L. vannamei females and thereby produce viable neomales, which would be the starting point for the implementation of monosexual cultures (females only). Terminal ampulla and its associated androgenic gland implants were performed in three groups: the first and second groups (Lots 1 and 2) were females in which masculinization indicators were evaluated, the third group were males and females where only the immunological acceptance of the implant by the recipient individual. Also, the survival of the individuals to surgery was evaluated and histological samples of gonads and implants were taken. Survival of females receiving surgery at 7 days remained between 56 and 76%. Melanization occurred only in a small fraction of the implants, being higher in the group that received more manipulation (Lot 1). The implants that were not melanized decreased significantly in size from day 1 to 15; however, histological sections showed that the cells remained alive. In addition, the histological sections of the implants confirmed the presence of androgen gland cells in the distal part of the terminal ampulla. Two of the females implanted with androgen gland from batch 1 showed endopodites of the first pair of pleopods with a rectangular structure and no setae on the curvature, which seems to indicate some degree of masculinization. The dispersal pattern of setae was different in individuals from batch 1 and those implanted with androgen glands. Females from batch 2 showed normal female endopodites. In all cases (controls and treatments), the regenerated endopodites were larger than the intact ones; however, this difference was statistically significant only in the females of lot 1. Histological sections of the gonads did not show differences with the sections of the females. The procedure is viable in terms of survival, within the size range used in this work. Only a small fraction of the implants presented melanization, which suggests that it may be a rejection by the female of a contaminating factor in the implant and not the tissue itself. Among the possible causes for which an evident masculinization did not occur are the degree of development of the donor male and the recipient female, the dose, the time that the viable implant could last in the female and the sexual plasticity of the species. In general terms, the surgical procedure is not technically feasible, so it is recommended to implement a molecular approach, to anoint individuals who have not yet developed primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
Descripción
Vega Alpízar, J. L. (2015). Evaluación de implantes de glándulas androgénicas en hembras de Litopenaeus vannamei (Penaeidae). [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
ACUICULTURA, AQUACULTURE, CRUSTACEOS, CRUSTACEANS, CAMARON DE MAR, PRODUCCION DE ANIMALES, CIRUGIA, ANIMALES MARINOS