Bases para un sistema tributario progresivo en Costa Rica
Fecha
2015-06
Autores
Rodríguez Garro, Fernando
Sancho Mora, Francisco
Fonseca Hernández, Raúl Gerardo
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Editor
Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede Occidental, Revista Pensamiento Actual.
Resumen
El país posee problemas estructurales en el sistema fiscal que deben resolverse en el corto plazo. Los cambios realizados en las últimas dos décadas no han logrado aumentar los ingresos de forma significativa, han sido coyunturales y aplicados por medio de reformas parciales que no han logrado solventar los elementos de fondo. Las debilidades detectadas en el sistema tributario costarricense son: un esquema fiscal regresivo, poco poder redistributivo, una limitada recaudación, una gran variedad en las alícuotas aplicadas a las diferentes rentas, unos esquemas de exoneraciones permanentes y un impuesto de ventas que aplica gran cantidad excepciones. Un sistema tributario debe tener suficiencia recaudatoria, una mayor participación de impuestos directos progresivos y mejorar su capacidad redistributiva. Para lograr estos tres principios, el Gobierno debe migrar hacia un esquema de renta global unificada, aplicado en etapas y sustituir el actual impuesto de ventas por un impuesto al valor agregado. Las exoneraciones que se planteen deben ser mínimas y con una clara justificación técnica. Adicionalmente, deben generarse esfuerzos para mejorar la recaudación del impuesto territorial, ampliar la base de los productos y servicios a los que se les aplica el impuesto selectivo, facilitar la recaudación de impuestos y mejorar la cultura tributaria del país.
Costa Rica has structural problems in its tax system that must be resolved promptly. Changes made in the past two decades have been unsuccessful to increase revenues; these have been circumstantial and implemented as partial reforms that have failed to solve core issues. The weaknesses detected in the Costa Rican tax system are: a regressive tax scheme, limited distributive potential and tax collection, a scheme with permanent exemptions, a sales tax that applies big exemptions that do not benefit low income segments and a great variety of fixed taxes applied to different incomes. A tax system should have revenue adequacy and greater participation of progressive direct taxes as well as an improved distributive potential. To achieve these three principles, the government should move toward a unified global income scheme implemented in phases, and replace the current sales tax for a value added tax. New exemptions should be minimal as well as clearly and technically justified. Additionally, efforts must be made to improve the collection of property taxes, expand the base of products and services subjected to especial excise taxes, facilitate tax collection and develop a tax culture in the country.
Costa Rica has structural problems in its tax system that must be resolved promptly. Changes made in the past two decades have been unsuccessful to increase revenues; these have been circumstantial and implemented as partial reforms that have failed to solve core issues. The weaknesses detected in the Costa Rican tax system are: a regressive tax scheme, limited distributive potential and tax collection, a scheme with permanent exemptions, a sales tax that applies big exemptions that do not benefit low income segments and a great variety of fixed taxes applied to different incomes. A tax system should have revenue adequacy and greater participation of progressive direct taxes as well as an improved distributive potential. To achieve these three principles, the government should move toward a unified global income scheme implemented in phases, and replace the current sales tax for a value added tax. New exemptions should be minimal as well as clearly and technically justified. Additionally, efforts must be made to improve the collection of property taxes, expand the base of products and services subjected to especial excise taxes, facilitate tax collection and develop a tax culture in the country.
Descripción
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, IMPUESTOS, SISTEMAS TRIBUTARIOS, VENTAS, SALES, TAXES, TAX SYSTEMS