Análisis de las distorsiones en el mercado de los plaguicidas en Costa Rica a partir de un enfoque integral para la definición de políticas.
Fecha
2007-05
Autores
Porras León, Mauricio
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El propósito de este estudio es analizar la problemática generada por el uso de los plaguicidas a
partir de una óptica integral de distorsiones de mercado. El enfoque utilizado parte de reconocer la
existencia de limitaciones y debilidades propias del mercado (distorsiones endógenas) que impiden
que éste, por sí mismo, alcance el óptimo social, justificándose por ende una intervención bien
orientada. Esta propuesta se contrapone a la tesis neoliberal, que plantea que el sistema económico
mejora su eficiencia eliminando la intervención de agentes no económicos en el mercado
(distorsiones exógenas). Este estudio cobra relevancia si se considera el debate nacional existente,
entre quienes abogan por liberar el mercado de plaguicidas a fin de mejorar la competitividad del
sector agrícola y quienes consideran necesaria una mayor restricción, dados los efectos negativos
de estos productos sobre la salud, el ambiente, en la misma agricultura y en general en la calidad de
vida.
El esfuerzo de este estudio se concentra en caracterizar ambos tipos de distorsiones en el mercado
de plaguicidas, a fin de valorar, a partir de un óptimo social predeterminado, si la intervención del
Estado tiende a compensar o a profundizar los efectos derivados de la presencia de las debilidades
del mercado. Las distorsiones endógenas estudiadas se relacionan con: los procesos de
competencia, la desigualdad en que participan los agentes económicos, la presencia de bienes
públicos, los mercados incompletos, las desigualdades en la distribución, la existencia de bienes
meritorios y las externalidades. En cuanto a las distorsiones exógenas se analiza la intervención en
el mercado por parte del Estado, determinándose en forma resumida que su actuación es
contradictoria por cuanto desestimula y estimula a la vez el consumo de plaguicidas; en cuanto a
otros grupos de interés, se tiene que la posición de las cámaras empresariales es proteger la
sobrevivencia de la industria, en tanto que la posición de los grupos civiles y académicos es
disminuir o hasta eliminar el consumo de plaguicidas.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems generated by the use of pesticides from a comprehensive perspective of market distortions. The approach used is based on recognizing the existence of limitations and weaknesses of the market (endogenous distortions) that prevent that this, by itself, reaches the social optimum, thus justifying an intervention well oriented. This proposal is opposed to the neoliberal thesis, which states that the economic system improves its efficiency by eliminating the intervention of non-economic agents in the market (exogenous distortions). This study becomes relevant if the existing national debate is considered, among those who advocate liberalizing the pesticide market in order to improve the competitiveness of the agricultural sector and who consider a greater restriction necessary, given the negative effects of these products on health, the environment, in the same agriculture and in general in the quality of lifetime. The effort of this study focuses on characterizing both types of distortions in the market of pesticides, in order to assess, from a predetermined social optimum, if the intervention of the State tends to compensate or deepen the effects derived from the presence of weaknesses From the market. The endogenous distortions studied are related to: the processes of competition, the inequality in which economic agents participate, the presence of goods public services, incomplete markets, inequalities in distribution, the existence of goods merits and externalities. Regarding exogenous distortions, the intervention is analyzed in the market by the State, determining in summary form that its action is contradictory in that it discourages and stimulates the consumption of pesticides at the same time; as to other interest groups, the position of the business chambers is to protect the survival of the industry, while the position of civic and academic groups is reduce or even eliminate the use of pesticides.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems generated by the use of pesticides from a comprehensive perspective of market distortions. The approach used is based on recognizing the existence of limitations and weaknesses of the market (endogenous distortions) that prevent that this, by itself, reaches the social optimum, thus justifying an intervention well oriented. This proposal is opposed to the neoliberal thesis, which states that the economic system improves its efficiency by eliminating the intervention of non-economic agents in the market (exogenous distortions). This study becomes relevant if the existing national debate is considered, among those who advocate liberalizing the pesticide market in order to improve the competitiveness of the agricultural sector and who consider a greater restriction necessary, given the negative effects of these products on health, the environment, in the same agriculture and in general in the quality of lifetime. The effort of this study focuses on characterizing both types of distortions in the market of pesticides, in order to assess, from a predetermined social optimum, if the intervention of the State tends to compensate or deepen the effects derived from the presence of weaknesses From the market. The endogenous distortions studied are related to: the processes of competition, the inequality in which economic agents participate, the presence of goods public services, incomplete markets, inequalities in distribution, the existence of goods merits and externalities. Regarding exogenous distortions, the intervention is analyzed in the market by the State, determining in summary form that its action is contradictory in that it discourages and stimulates the consumption of pesticides at the same time; as to other interest groups, the position of the business chambers is to protect the survival of the industry, while the position of civic and academic groups is reduce or even eliminate the use of pesticides.
Descripción
Palabras clave
PLAGUICIDAS, COSTA RICA, CONSUMO DE PLAGUICIDAS, PRODUCTOS AGRÍCOLAS, SECTOR AGRÍCOLA