Factores asociados a la contaminación con Campylobacter spp. termotolerante en pollos de engorde, en tres niveles de la cadena avícola, para consumo humano en Costa Rica.
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Fecha
2016
Autores
ROMERO-ZUÑIGA, JUAN JOSÉ
Zumbado Gutiérrez, Leana
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Campylobacter spp. es una bacteria destacada por ser causa frecuente de infecciones
transmitidas por alimentos, tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Se realizó un
estudio transversal, entre marzo y julio del 2015, con el fin de obtener la prevalencia nacional de
Campylobacter spp. en pollo de engorde para consumo humano. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo
simultáneo en tres niveles de la cadena productiva avícola costarricense: 152 muestras en
granja (CC), 104 en planta (CA) y 96 en puntos de venta (PV). Se elaboró formularios de variables
asociadas al manejo en las plantas (CC y CA) y los PV. Los formularios, en las plantas, incluyeron
variables relacionadas con datos generales como: ubicación y volumen de producción, buenas
prácticas higiénicas y de manufactura (BPHM), procesos, y HACCP. En PV se evaluó aspectos
relacionados con BPHM, temperatura del producto, y precio por kg de pollo limpio, entre otros. Se
determinó como factores de riesgo los siguientes: tiempo de espera de animales vivos en andén
> 60 minutos (RP = 2.28, IC 95% 1.23-4.21); velocidad de proceso <120 aves/min (RP=1.51,
IC95% 1.09-2.10); temperatura del agua del chiller ≤0.5oC (RP 1.60, IC95% 1.18-2.17); sin
separación física entre matrices de diferente origen animal en PV (RP=1.78, IC95% 1.43-2.20)
y precio en PV ≤2000 colones/kg de pollo limpio (RP=1.73, IC95% 1.21-2.46). La prevalencia
encontrada de Campylobacter spp. es alta. Representa un peligro para la salud pública en Costa
Rica. Por tal motivo, se debe implementar intervenciones bactericidas más eficientes contra este
agente y mejorar las BPHM en cada eslabón de la cadena de producción.
Campylobacter spp. are bacteria known to cause foodborne diseases in both developed and developing countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and July 2015 to determine the national prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers for human consumption. A simultaneous sampling design was used in three levels of the Costa Rican poultry production chain: 152 farm samples (CC), 104 plant samples (CA) and 96 retail store samples (PV). For this research, questionnaires were prepared with variables related to plant (CC and CA) and PV management. The plant questionnaire included variables related to general data such as location and volume of production, good hygiene and manufacturing practices (GHMP), as well as processes and HACCP. In PV aspects such as the following were evaluated: GHMP, product temperature, and price per kg/chicken. The following were identified as risk factors: resting period of live animals in platform > 60 minutes (PR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.23-4.21), processing speed <120 birds/min (PR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.09-2.10), chiller water temperature ≤0.5ºC (PR 1.60, 95% CI 1.18-2.17), no physical separation between different animal matrices in PV (PR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.43-2.20) and price in PV ≤2000 colones/kg chicken (PR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.21-2.46). The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in the Costa Rican poultry production chain is high and represents a risk to public health. For this reason, more efficient bactericidal interventions against Campylobacter spp. should be implemented, as well as improvements of the GHMP in every stage of the production chain.
Campylobacter spp. are bacteria known to cause foodborne diseases in both developed and developing countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and July 2015 to determine the national prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers for human consumption. A simultaneous sampling design was used in three levels of the Costa Rican poultry production chain: 152 farm samples (CC), 104 plant samples (CA) and 96 retail store samples (PV). For this research, questionnaires were prepared with variables related to plant (CC and CA) and PV management. The plant questionnaire included variables related to general data such as location and volume of production, good hygiene and manufacturing practices (GHMP), as well as processes and HACCP. In PV aspects such as the following were evaluated: GHMP, product temperature, and price per kg/chicken. The following were identified as risk factors: resting period of live animals in platform > 60 minutes (PR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.23-4.21), processing speed <120 birds/min (PR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.09-2.10), chiller water temperature ≤0.5ºC (PR 1.60, 95% CI 1.18-2.17), no physical separation between different animal matrices in PV (PR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.43-2.20) and price in PV ≤2000 colones/kg chicken (PR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.21-2.46). The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in the Costa Rican poultry production chain is high and represents a risk to public health. For this reason, more efficient bactericidal interventions against Campylobacter spp. should be implemented, as well as improvements of the GHMP in every stage of the production chain.
Descripción
Palabras clave
CAMPYLOBACTER, AVES, AVICULTURA, INOCUIDAD ALIMENTARIA, POULTRY, FOOD SAFETY, POLLOS DE ENGORDE