Caracterización y evaluación de la eficiencia y sostenibilidad del engorde bovino manejado en pastoreo, semiestabulado y estabulado en la Región Central Sur de Costa Rica
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Fecha
2005-03
Autores
Sánchez Ledezma, William
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Se desarrolló un estudio con el objetivo de caracterizar y evaluar sostenibilidad del
engorde bovino en pastoreo, semiestabulado y estabulado en la Región Central Sur de
Costa Rica entre marzo y junio del 2003. Se trabajó con una muestra estratificada por
cantón y tecnología de manejo de 52 fincas con un error estándar de 0.02. La
caracterización se realizó mediante un diagnóstico estático y un análisis de varianza, con
las tecnologías como tratamientos y cinco indicadores ecológicos, socioeconómicos y
económicos como variables claves. En los casos de significancia (P≤0.05), se realizó una
comparación de medias (Duncan 5%). Para evaluar la sostenibilidad se elaboraron
objetivos e indicadores claves en cada componente y dimensión. Cada indicador fue
estandarizando (rendimiento relativo) y ponderando en una escala de 0 a 1 de acuerdo a
su importancia dentro de cada componente. De igual forma se ponderaron los
componentes dentro de cada dimensión y las dimensiones dentro de cada tecnología de
manejo. Finalmente se determinó el índice agregado de sostenibilidad por componente y
dimensión, y el índice integral de sostenibilidad para cada tecnología. Todas las
tecnologías están conformadas por cinco componentes básicos; suelo, forraje, animal,
recurso humano e infraestructua-equipo. En el pastoreo predominan las fincas con altas
pendientes, las cuales destinan más área a ganadería y menos bosques y charrales que las
tecnologías intensivas. No existe raza o cruce definido, sobresaliendo un animal híbrido
con características de sangre cebuina y europea. En el pastoreo la alimentación se basa en
pasto de piso, mientras que las tecnologías intensivas suplementan con Caña de azúcar
(Saccharum oficcinarum), King grass (Pennisetum purpueum x Pennisetum typhoides),
pollinaza y melaza, y algunos estabulados con Cratylia argentea durante períodos cortos.
Los requerimientos de mano de obra difirieron significativamente entre las tecnologías
por animal (P<0.05) y hectárea (P<0.05), requiriendo en promedio las tecnologías
intensivas el doble de mano de obra y 10 veces más jornales por animal y hectárea/año,
respectivamente, que el pastoreo. Además, en los estabulados y semiestabulados el 95%
de la mano de obra es familiar, mientras que en el pastoreo es el 67%, lo que significa
que los estabulados y semiestabulados generan más empleo familiar que el pastoreo. En
pastoreo la ganancia diaria fue 0.44 kg/animal y 0.2 t/ha/año de carne pie, rendimientos
que en el mismo orden son duplicados y más de seis veces superados por las tecnologías
intensivas en casi cuatro meses menos. Dichos rendimientos presentaron diferencias
significativas entre las tecnologías por animal (P<0.05), hectárea (P<0.05) y período de
engorde (P< 0.05). La alimentación es el rubro de mayor importancia en los costos de
producción, siendo la mano de obra responsable del 64 y 20% del costo de alimentación y
total, respectivamente. El ingreso neto por animal mediante el pastoreo, semiestabulado y
estabulado fue de ¢36274, ¢35407 y ¢31892 netos, respectivamente, valores que no
mostraron diferencias significativas entre sí (P>0.05), caso contrario al ingreso neto por
hectárea/año, el cual si difirió entre las tecnologías (P<0.05), ya que mediante el
semiestabulado y estabulado ingresan ¢57950 y ¢245545 más, respectivamente, que con
el pastoreo. En el pastoreo el componente suelo fue el que más se alejó de la
sostenibilidad, mientras que en las tecnologías intensivas su comportamiento fue
favorable. En todas las dimensiones las tecnologías intensivas superaron en sostenibilidad
al pastoreo, mientras que en lo ecológico y social los estabulados superaron a los
semiestabulados, y en lo socioeconómico fue lo contrario. También se encontró que en las
tres tecnologías la dimensión técnica es débil en todos los componentes, y que en lo
económico existe poca diferencia entre las tecnologías, sin embargo, el sistema
estabulado presentó mayor índice de sostenibilidad integral (0.64) que el semiestabulado
(0.59) y el pastoreo (0.53). De acuerdo a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la región y a
los resultados obtenidos, es recomendable que el manejo en pastoreo incorpore
tecnologías intensivas, y se realicen mejores técnicas en todas las tecnologías de manejo,
con lo cual además de mitigar la degradación de los recursos naturales y generar empleo,
se incrementan los ingresos netos por hectárea/año.
The objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the sustainability of cattle fattening in grazing, semi-stabled and stalled cattle in the Central South Region of Costa Rica between March and June 2003. The sample was stratified by canton and management technology of 52 farms with a standard error of 0.02. The characterization was carried out using a static diagnosis and an analysis of variance, with the technologies as treatments and five ecological, socioeconomic and economic indicators as key variables. In cases of significance (P≤0.05), a comparison of means (Duncan 5%) was performed. To assess sustainability, key objectives and indicators were developed for each component and dimension. Each indicator was standardized (relative performance) and weighted on a scale of 0 to 1 according to its importance within each component. Similarly, the components within each dimension and the dimensions within each management technology were weighted. Finally, the aggregate sustainability index was determined by component and dimension, and the integral sustainability index for each technology. All technologies are made up of five basic components: soil, forage, animal, human resources and infrastructure-equipment. In grazing, farms with high slopes predominate, which allocate more area to livestock and less forest and charrales than intensive technologies. There is no defined breed or crossbreed, but there is a hybrid animal with zebu and European blood characteristics. In grazing, feed is based on pasture grass, while intensive technologies supplement with sugar cane (Saccharum oficcinarum), King grass (Pennisetum purpueum x Pennisetum typhoides), pollinaza and molasses, and some stabled with Cratylia argentea for short periods. Labor requirements differed significantly between technologies per animal (P<0.05) and hectare (P<0.05), with intensive technologies requiring on average twice as much labor and 10 times more daily wages per animal and hectare/year, respectively, than grazing. In addition, 95% of the labor force in the stabled and semi-stabled systems is family labor, while in the pasture system it is 67%, which means that stabled and semi-stabled systems generate more family employment than pasture. In grazing, the daily gain was 0.44 kg/animal and 0.2 t/ha/year of meat per animal, yields that in the same order are duplicated and more than six times surpassed by intensive technologies in almost four months less. These yields showed significant differences between technologies per animal (P<0.05), hectare (P<0.05) and fattening period (P<0.05). Feeding is the most important item in production costs, with labor accounting for 64% and 20% of feed and total costs, respectively. The net income per animal by grazing, semi-stabled and stabled was ¢36274, ¢35407 and ¢31892 net, respectively, values that did not show significant differences among them (P>0.05), contrary to the net income per hectare/year, which did differ among the technologies (P<0.05), since by semi-stabled and stabled ¢57950 and ¢245545 more, respectively, than by grazing. In grazing, the soil component was the one that moved furthest away from sustainability, while in intensive technologies its behavior was favorable. In all dimensions, intensive technologies outperformed grazing in terms of sustainability, while in ecological and social aspects, the stables outperformed the semi-stables, and the opposite was true in socioeconomic aspects. It was also found that in the three technologies the technical dimension is weak in all components, and that in the economic dimension there is little difference between the technologies; however, the stabled system presented a higher integral sustainability index (0.64) than the semi-stabled (0.59) and grazing (0.53). According to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region and the results obtained, it is recommended that grazing management incorporate intensive technologies, and that better techniques be used in all management technologies, which, in addition to mitigating the degradation of natural resources and generating employment, will increase net income per hectare/year.
The objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the sustainability of cattle fattening in grazing, semi-stabled and stalled cattle in the Central South Region of Costa Rica between March and June 2003. The sample was stratified by canton and management technology of 52 farms with a standard error of 0.02. The characterization was carried out using a static diagnosis and an analysis of variance, with the technologies as treatments and five ecological, socioeconomic and economic indicators as key variables. In cases of significance (P≤0.05), a comparison of means (Duncan 5%) was performed. To assess sustainability, key objectives and indicators were developed for each component and dimension. Each indicator was standardized (relative performance) and weighted on a scale of 0 to 1 according to its importance within each component. Similarly, the components within each dimension and the dimensions within each management technology were weighted. Finally, the aggregate sustainability index was determined by component and dimension, and the integral sustainability index for each technology. All technologies are made up of five basic components: soil, forage, animal, human resources and infrastructure-equipment. In grazing, farms with high slopes predominate, which allocate more area to livestock and less forest and charrales than intensive technologies. There is no defined breed or crossbreed, but there is a hybrid animal with zebu and European blood characteristics. In grazing, feed is based on pasture grass, while intensive technologies supplement with sugar cane (Saccharum oficcinarum), King grass (Pennisetum purpueum x Pennisetum typhoides), pollinaza and molasses, and some stabled with Cratylia argentea for short periods. Labor requirements differed significantly between technologies per animal (P<0.05) and hectare (P<0.05), with intensive technologies requiring on average twice as much labor and 10 times more daily wages per animal and hectare/year, respectively, than grazing. In addition, 95% of the labor force in the stabled and semi-stabled systems is family labor, while in the pasture system it is 67%, which means that stabled and semi-stabled systems generate more family employment than pasture. In grazing, the daily gain was 0.44 kg/animal and 0.2 t/ha/year of meat per animal, yields that in the same order are duplicated and more than six times surpassed by intensive technologies in almost four months less. These yields showed significant differences between technologies per animal (P<0.05), hectare (P<0.05) and fattening period (P<0.05). Feeding is the most important item in production costs, with labor accounting for 64% and 20% of feed and total costs, respectively. The net income per animal by grazing, semi-stabled and stabled was ¢36274, ¢35407 and ¢31892 net, respectively, values that did not show significant differences among them (P>0.05), contrary to the net income per hectare/year, which did differ among the technologies (P<0.05), since by semi-stabled and stabled ¢57950 and ¢245545 more, respectively, than by grazing. In grazing, the soil component was the one that moved furthest away from sustainability, while in intensive technologies its behavior was favorable. In all dimensions, intensive technologies outperformed grazing in terms of sustainability, while in ecological and social aspects, the stables outperformed the semi-stables, and the opposite was true in socioeconomic aspects. It was also found that in the three technologies the technical dimension is weak in all components, and that in the economic dimension there is little difference between the technologies; however, the stabled system presented a higher integral sustainability index (0.64) than the semi-stabled (0.59) and grazing (0.53). According to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region and the results obtained, it is recommended that grazing management incorporate intensive technologies, and that better techniques be used in all management technologies, which, in addition to mitigating the degradation of natural resources and generating employment, will increase net income per hectare/year.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, GANADO BOVINO, GANADO DE CARNE, PASTOREO, FORRAJE, FINCAS, BOVINE CATTLE, BOVINOS, FARMS, FORAGE, PASTURE