Revisión de la gestión organizacional de la PYME “Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A.” mediante el análisis de su gestión administrativa y financiera para la consolidación de un modelo de negocio sostenible
Fecha
2024
Autores
Sánchez Araya, María José
Salas Miranda, Luis Manuel
Vivas Mena. Hellen Tatiana
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Las pequeñas y medianas empresas cumplen un papel relevante en la economía mundial, específicamente en Costa Rica las PYMES son un componente vital en la economía y en el modelo desarrollo, generan empleo, fomentan la innovación y el comercio, propician el emprendimiento y el crecimiento equitativo y sostenible. A pesar de la importancia de este tipo de empresas, son un eslabón débil que presenta problemas para el crecimiento y la sostenibilidad en el tiempo. Surge un especial interés desde la academia por evaluar la gestión administrativa y financiera de la PYME “Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A.” y la sostenibilidad del modelo de negocio durante el periodo (2019- 2023), esto debido al importante aporte a la sociedad costarricense por parte de las PYMES. La investigación es desarrollada por los estudiantes María José Sánchez Araya, Luis Manuel Salas Miranda y Hellen Tatiana Vivas Mena, como parte del programa para optar el grado de Licenciatura con énfasis en Gestión Financiera de la Escuela de Administración, de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. Esto bajo la interrogante: ¿Cuáles elementos de la gestión administrativa y financiera intervienen en la operatividad de la PYME “Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." para la generación de valor y sostenibilidad de su modelo de negocio? Aunado a la interrogante, es importante ahondar en el problema de investigación, las PYMES tienen una contribución relevante al PIB del país, se convierte en una prioridad garantizar la sobrevivencia y permanencia de estas en el mercado, sin embargo, hay diferencias en la vida de acuerdo con el tamaño de los negocios, se denota menor sobrevivencia en las pequeñas empresas a diferencia de las grandes. Bajo el precepto contable de negocio en marcha, se muestra interés en que la empresa “Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A.” siga brindando sus servicios y aportando al desarrollo de la economía costarricense mediante la generación de empleo y el aporte de bienes y servicios que contribuyen a la diversificación de productos del país. Ante este problema, se plantean los siguientes objetivos: Objetivo general: Evaluar la gestión organizacional llevada a cabo por la PYME “Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A.” mediante el análisis de la gestión administrativa, la tecnología y la información financiera para la consolidación de un modelo de negocio sostenible. XI Objetivos específicos: 1. Identificar la gestión organizacional en términos administrativos y financieros a través del análisis de los procesos y la tecnología para el entendimiento del negocio. 2. Medir la posición financiera de la empresa del periodo 2019-2023 con base al análisis del modelo de negocio, factores internos y externos que afectan el desempeño para el diagnóstico de la sostenibilidad de la empresa. 3. Determinar el escenario óptimo de la gestión financiera por medio de alternativas para la generación de valor y la sostenibilidad del negocio. La recolección de datos se da con estos instrumentos, como entrevistas semiestructuradas, la observación, la revisión y análisis documental, razones financieras y el modelado financiero. En la investigación se desarrollan tres categorías, primero se busca identificar la gestión administrativa y financiera de la PYME determinando su gestión administrativa, administración financiera y tecnología para la gestión financiera de la PYME, seguidamente se busca medir la posición financiera de la PYME con un análisis financiero, este es brindado por las subcategorías de posición financiera de la empresa y un análisis FODA. Finalmente, se determina el escenario óptimo para la generación de valor y la sostenibilidad del negocio por lo que busca definir los tres escenarios (optimista, pesimista y más probable) y la generación de valor como subcategorías de optimización de la gestión financiera. En los resultados obtenidos destaca, en la gestión organizacional (con temas administrativos y financieros como el análisis de la gestión administrativa) se identifica que la empresa es pequeña y no está registrada como una PYME ante el MEIC, pero muestra interés por la inscripción. La empresa no posee organigrama, manuales de puestos, catálogos de productos y servicios definidos. En la administración financiera de la empresa, se identifica que en la PYME las decisiones financieras las toma el gerente general con base en la experiencia que ha adquirido durante los años y los estados financieros son realizados por un contador externo. En cuanto a tecnología para la gestión financiera, se identifica que la PYME no cuenta con un sistema informático que realice y/o genere la información financiera, solamente utiliza un sistema llamado “factura profesional” el cual brinda soporte en temas de facturación, ante esta situación se afirma que hay poca automatización de los procesos en la empresa. En cuanto a los estados financieros de la PYME, estos no cuentan con las notas que solicitan las NIIF y las NIIF para PYMES, no son emitidos en el tiempo establecido. La empresa aún no tiene una XII estructura acorde con las normas internacionales propuestas en la investigación, lo que dificulta su análisis. Por otro lado, si se profundiza en el análisis de la administración de la PYME, se resalta que no se elaboran herramientas de análisis como la matriz FODA, por lo que no se define claramente su posición interna y externa. En cuanto a la optimización de la gestión financiera, se analizan los tres escenarios evidenciando que la empresa no cuenta con metas financieras definidas y desea aumentar sus ventas en un 25% con respecto al año anterior, además no elaboran el punto de equilibrio ni su análisis. En términos de liquidez la empresa tiene una sólida gestión de liquidez, pero siempre hay margen de mejora y en rentabilidad, a pesar de las disminuciones presentadas la empresa se está enfocando en recuperarse y volver a ser tan rentable como en el 2019. En la generación de valor se revisa la eficiencia en el uso de activos, identificando que hay un eso deficiente, donde no se aprovecha al máximo la utilización del activo. Así mismo, la empresa no realiza estados de flujo de efectivo, las entradas y salidas de efectivo no se controlan periódicamente y las ganancias mensuales sólo se declaran al final del período. Finalmente, se identifica que no se realizan presupuestos, ni se elaboran herramientas como el cuadro de mando integral. La empresa carece de documentos administrativos de gran relevancia como los manuales de puestos, el portafolio de servicios, el organigrama y la estructura de la empresa, manuales y políticas; así como herramientas de análisis como el cuadro de mando integral y el FODA. Además, se encuentran falta de controles y políticas financieras, poca información y estados financieros, así como la falta de utilización de estos para la toma de decisiones, sin embargo, su posición financiera es de solidez. La gestión organizacional de la PYME se caracteriza por la falta de implementación de tecnología y herramientas de análisis que le permitan consolidar un modelo sostenible, ser competitiva y mantenerse en el mercado. Con esta finalidad se generan recomendaciones, dentro de las cuales se encuentra la transformación digital e implementación de herramientas de gestión empresarial para disminuir la realización de tareas manuales, aumentar la eficiencia operativa y mejorar la toma de decisiones y, así mismo, definir las responsabilidades y roles mediante un organigrama y manuales de puestos detallados para facilitar la capacitación y evaluación de estos. Además, la sistematización financiera por medio de programas contables y financieros que permitan un seguimiento en tiempo real de las transacciones y el flujo de efectivo y realizar los estados financieros con periodicidad definida y analizarlos.
Small and medium-sized enterprises play a relevant role in the global economy, specifically in Costa Rica, SMEs are a vital component of the economy and the development model, generating employment, fostering innovation and trade, and promoting entrepreneurship and equitable and sustainable growth. Despite the importance of these types of companies, they are a weak link that presents challenges for growth and sustainability over time. There is special interest from academia in evaluating the administrative and financial management of the SME "Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." and the sustainability of the business model during the period (2019-2023), due to the significant contribution made to Costa Rican society by SMEs. The research is being developed by students María José Sánchez Araya, Luis Manuel Salas Miranda, and Hellen Tatiana Vivas Mena, as part of the program to obtain a Bachelor's degree with an emphasis in Financial Management from the School of Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of Costa Rica. This under the question: What elements of administrative and financial management intervene in the operation of the SME "Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." for the generation of value and sustainability of its business model? In addition to the question, it is important to delve into the research problem, SMEs have a relevant contribution to the country's GDP, it becomes a priority to guarantee their survival and permanence in the market, however, there are differences in life according to the size of the businesses, lower survival is noted in small companies unlike large ones. Under the accounting precept of going concern, interest is shown in the company "Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." continue providing its services and contributing to the development of the Costa Rican economy by generating employment and the contribution of goods and services that contribute to the diversification of the country's products. In response to this problem, the following objectives are set: General objective: To evaluate the organizational management carried out by the SME "Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." through the analysis of administrative management, technology, and financial information to consolidate a sustainable business model. XI Specific objectives: 1. To identify organizational management in administrative and financial terms through the analysis of processes and technology to understand the business. 2. To measure the company's financial position for the period 2019-2023 based on the analysis of the business model and internal and external factors that affect performance to diagnose the company's sustainability. 3. To determine the optimal financial management scenario through alternatives for generating value and business sustainability. Data collection is carried out using instruments such as semi-structured interviews, observation, documentary review and analysis, financial ratios, and financial modeling. The research develops three categories: first, it seeks to identify the administrative and financial management of the SME by determining its administrative management, financial management, and technology for the SME's financial management. Next, it seeks to measure the SME's financial position with a financial analysis, which is provided by the subcategories of the company's financial position and a SWOT analysis. Finally, the optimal scenario for value generation and business sustainability is determined, seeking to define the three scenarios (optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely) and value generation as subcategories of financial management optimization. The results obtained highlight that, in organizational management (with administrative and financial topics such as the analysis of administrative management), it is identified that the company is small and is not registered as an SME with the MEIC, but shows interest in registering. The company does not have an organizational chart, job manuals, or defined product and service catalogs. In the company's financial management, it is identified that in the SME, financial decisions are made by the general manager based on the experience acquired over the years, and the financial statements are prepared by an external accountant. Regarding technology for financial management, it is identified that the SME does not have a computer system that performs and/or generates financial information; it only uses a system called "professional invoice," which provides support for invoicing issues. Given this situation, it is stated that there is little automation of the company's processes. Regarding the SME's financial statements, they do not have the notes required by IFRS and IASF for SMEs, are not issued in the established time. The company still does not have a structure in accordance with the international standards proposed in the research, which makes its analysis difficult. On the other hand, a deeper analysis of the SME's management highlights that analytical tools such as the SWOT matrix are not developed, so its internal and external position is not clearly defined. Regarding the optimization of financial management, the three scenarios are analyzed, showing that the company does not have defined financial goals and wishes to increase its sales by 25% compared to the previous year. In addition, they do not prepare the break-even point or its analysis. In terms of liquidity, the company has solid liquidity management, but there is always room for improvement. In terms of profitability, despite the decreases presented, the company is focusing on recovering and once again being as profitable as in 2019. In terms of value generation, the efficiency in the use of assets is reviewed, identifying that there is a deficient situation, where the use of assets is not fully utilized. Likewise, the company does not prepare cash flow statements, cash inflows and outflows are not monitored periodically, and monthly profits are only reported at the end of the period. Finally, budgets are not maintained, nor are tools such as the balanced scorecard developed. The company lacks highly relevant administrative documents such as job manuals, service portfolios, organizational charts and company structure, manuals and policies, as well as analytical tools such as the balanced scorecard and SWOT. Furthermore, there is a lack of financial controls and policies, limited information and financial statements, and a lack of use of these for decision-making. However, its financial position is solid. The SME's organizational management is characterized by a lack of implementation of technology and analytical tools that allow it to consolidate a sustainable model, remain competitive, and remain in the market. To this end, recommendations are generated, including digital transformation and the implementation of business management tools to reduce manual tasks, increase operational efficiency, and improve decision-making. Likewise, responsibilities and roles are defined through an organizational chart and detailed job manuals to facilitate training and evaluation. Financial systematization is also implemented through accounting and financial software that allows for real-time tracking of transactions and cash flow, and the preparation and analysis of financial statements at defined intervals.
Small and medium-sized enterprises play a relevant role in the global economy, specifically in Costa Rica, SMEs are a vital component of the economy and the development model, generating employment, fostering innovation and trade, and promoting entrepreneurship and equitable and sustainable growth. Despite the importance of these types of companies, they are a weak link that presents challenges for growth and sustainability over time. There is special interest from academia in evaluating the administrative and financial management of the SME "Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." and the sustainability of the business model during the period (2019-2023), due to the significant contribution made to Costa Rican society by SMEs. The research is being developed by students María José Sánchez Araya, Luis Manuel Salas Miranda, and Hellen Tatiana Vivas Mena, as part of the program to obtain a Bachelor's degree with an emphasis in Financial Management from the School of Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of Costa Rica. This under the question: What elements of administrative and financial management intervene in the operation of the SME "Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." for the generation of value and sustainability of its business model? In addition to the question, it is important to delve into the research problem, SMEs have a relevant contribution to the country's GDP, it becomes a priority to guarantee their survival and permanence in the market, however, there are differences in life according to the size of the businesses, lower survival is noted in small companies unlike large ones. Under the accounting precept of going concern, interest is shown in the company "Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." continue providing its services and contributing to the development of the Costa Rican economy by generating employment and the contribution of goods and services that contribute to the diversification of the country's products. In response to this problem, the following objectives are set: General objective: To evaluate the organizational management carried out by the SME "Servicios Múltiples Especializados S.A." through the analysis of administrative management, technology, and financial information to consolidate a sustainable business model. XI Specific objectives: 1. To identify organizational management in administrative and financial terms through the analysis of processes and technology to understand the business. 2. To measure the company's financial position for the period 2019-2023 based on the analysis of the business model and internal and external factors that affect performance to diagnose the company's sustainability. 3. To determine the optimal financial management scenario through alternatives for generating value and business sustainability. Data collection is carried out using instruments such as semi-structured interviews, observation, documentary review and analysis, financial ratios, and financial modeling. The research develops three categories: first, it seeks to identify the administrative and financial management of the SME by determining its administrative management, financial management, and technology for the SME's financial management. Next, it seeks to measure the SME's financial position with a financial analysis, which is provided by the subcategories of the company's financial position and a SWOT analysis. Finally, the optimal scenario for value generation and business sustainability is determined, seeking to define the three scenarios (optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely) and value generation as subcategories of financial management optimization. The results obtained highlight that, in organizational management (with administrative and financial topics such as the analysis of administrative management), it is identified that the company is small and is not registered as an SME with the MEIC, but shows interest in registering. The company does not have an organizational chart, job manuals, or defined product and service catalogs. In the company's financial management, it is identified that in the SME, financial decisions are made by the general manager based on the experience acquired over the years, and the financial statements are prepared by an external accountant. Regarding technology for financial management, it is identified that the SME does not have a computer system that performs and/or generates financial information; it only uses a system called "professional invoice," which provides support for invoicing issues. Given this situation, it is stated that there is little automation of the company's processes. Regarding the SME's financial statements, they do not have the notes required by IFRS and IASF for SMEs, are not issued in the established time. The company still does not have a structure in accordance with the international standards proposed in the research, which makes its analysis difficult. On the other hand, a deeper analysis of the SME's management highlights that analytical tools such as the SWOT matrix are not developed, so its internal and external position is not clearly defined. Regarding the optimization of financial management, the three scenarios are analyzed, showing that the company does not have defined financial goals and wishes to increase its sales by 25% compared to the previous year. In addition, they do not prepare the break-even point or its analysis. In terms of liquidity, the company has solid liquidity management, but there is always room for improvement. In terms of profitability, despite the decreases presented, the company is focusing on recovering and once again being as profitable as in 2019. In terms of value generation, the efficiency in the use of assets is reviewed, identifying that there is a deficient situation, where the use of assets is not fully utilized. Likewise, the company does not prepare cash flow statements, cash inflows and outflows are not monitored periodically, and monthly profits are only reported at the end of the period. Finally, budgets are not maintained, nor are tools such as the balanced scorecard developed. The company lacks highly relevant administrative documents such as job manuals, service portfolios, organizational charts and company structure, manuals and policies, as well as analytical tools such as the balanced scorecard and SWOT. Furthermore, there is a lack of financial controls and policies, limited information and financial statements, and a lack of use of these for decision-making. However, its financial position is solid. The SME's organizational management is characterized by a lack of implementation of technology and analytical tools that allow it to consolidate a sustainable model, remain competitive, and remain in the market. To this end, recommendations are generated, including digital transformation and the implementation of business management tools to reduce manual tasks, increase operational efficiency, and improve decision-making. Likewise, responsibilities and roles are defined through an organizational chart and detailed job manuals to facilitate training and evaluation. Financial systematization is also implemented through accounting and financial software that allows for real-time tracking of transactions and cash flow, and the preparation and analysis of financial statements at defined intervals.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Administración con énfasis en Gestión Financiera
Palabras clave
PEQUEÑAS Y MEDIANAS EMPRESAS, CULTURA ORGANIZACIONAL, ANÁLISIS FINANCIERO, GESTIÓN, GESTIÓN FINANCIERA, SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, FINANCIAL ANALYSIS, MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT