Propuesta de una metodología para el planteamiento de planes tácticos en la ESPH S.A
Fecha
2016
Autores
Hernández Jiménez, Catalina
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La planificación juega un papel clave tanto en empresas privadas como en empresas públicas. Su objetivo no debe entenderse como el mero establecimiento de un plan: debe ser una herramienta vital para el logro de resultados. La coherencia entre los distintos niveles de planificación: estratégica, táctica y operativa, resulta vital para armonizar esfuerzos de todos los componentes de la organización y recursos de todo tipo. La brecha entre las demandas y expectativas sociales y la capacidad de los organismos públicos para satisfacerlas ha crecido en América Latina desde los años 80. Esto creó una demanda por mayor eficiencia y eficacia en el uso de recursos públicos. Es en este contexto de servicios públicos donde nace y se desarrolla la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S.A. Esta es una empresa de capital municipal que desde hace 39 años inició la prestación de los servicios públicos de distribución de energía eléctrica y alumbrado público en la provincia de Heredia. Posteriormente asumió otros servicios, como los de agua potable y alcantarillado sanitario, y desarrolló otros más como los de hidrantes e infocomunicaciones. La estructura organizacional actual consiste en unidades estratégicas de negocios (UEN): de Energía Eléctrica y Alumbrado Público (UEN EEYAP), de Agua Potable e Hidrantes (UEN APH), de Agua Residual (UEN AR), de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) y de Comercialización (UEN COMERCIAL). Existe además una estructura de unidades de apoyo que soportan la administración de dichas UEN. La presente propuesta tiene como alcance la UEN de Energía Eléctrica y Alumbrado Público (UEN EEYAP), cuyos servicios cuentan con aproximadamente 80000 clientes. La planificación estratégica nació en esta empresa en el año 2002, y desde entonces se han efectuado esfuerzos importantes en articular dicha planificación con el nivel operativo. Dado que el plan estratégico vigente abarca un plazo de 10 años, y la planificación operativa cubre un plazo de un año, es evidente la necesidad de un nivel intermedio de planificación táctica que permita articular ambos horizontes de planeación y armonizar los diferentes componentes de la empresa en objetivos comunes de mediano y largo plazo. Es por ello que el objetivo general de esta investigación ha sido proponer una metodología para la elaboración de planes tácticos que articule la planeación estratégica con la operativa y que sea aplicable para los servicios de distribución de energía eléctrica y alumbrado público, que ofrece la ESPH S.A. Para lograr esto se propuso como primer objetivo específico hacer un diagnóstico sobre la percepción de la planificación táctica en la UEN EEYAP. Posteriormente investigar sobre los sistemas de planificación táctica existentes en otras instituciones públicas costarricenses, y finalmente, con los insumos anteriores, proponer una metodología pertinente para la elaboración de planes tácticos para los servicios de distribución de energía eléctrica y alumbrado público de la ESPH S.A. Para realizar el análisis se incluyó en la metodología un diagnóstico entre el personal encargado de formular y ejecutar estos planes en la UEN EEYAP. Para ello se aplicó una encuesta que abarcó los temas de concepto, formulación, ejecución y seguimiento de planes tácticos. Para la investigación sobre los sistemas de planificación táctica en otras entidades se recurrió a la investigación documental. Las dos técnicas anteriores más el aporte de investigación bibliográfica constituyeron las bases para la metodología propuesta. Los resultados de la encuesta aplicada mostraron que se ha intentado implementar un concepto cuya definición, tanto general como empresarial, no está lo suficientemente clara. Tampoco está claro el lapso ligado a dicho tipo de planificación, el cual actualmente es de cinco años. Si bien hay conciencia sobre el alineamiento entre los tres tipos de planificación, el personal encargado no fue capaz de identificar la forma en que se da dicho alineamiento. No existe vinculación con el presupuesto anual, por lo que esta relación reflejó una percepción ambigua en los entrevistados. Una de las recomendaciones planteadas a partir del diagnóstico es establecer un formato adecuado para la redacción de objetivos, así como el tipo de indicadores ligados a estos. En otras instituciones públicas investigadas se nota un grado de madurez variable en la planificación táctica. Es evidente la adaptabilidad del tema ya que es moldeado de acuerdo con las necesidades particulares de cada institución. En la literatura consultada no hay una definición clara de la planificación táctica. La información encontrada hace referencia a sus características, pero no brinda una definición como tal. En muchas ocasiones se toman como sinónimos la planificación operativa y la táctica, quizás porque existen semejanzas entre ellas. La metodología propuesta con base en los resultados del diagnóstico plantea la creación de un mapa táctico que muestre los objetivos correspondientes y las relaciones entre ellos. Estos objetivos tácticos a su vez serán incorporados en una matriz que permita la formulación, la programación, la definición del presupuesto necesario, el seguimiento y la evaluación del nivel de cumplimiento de programas, proyectos, actividades o servicios.
Planning plays a key role in both private and public companies. Its objective should not be understood as merely establishing a plan; it must be a vital tool for achieving results. Coherence among the different levels of planning—strategic, tactical, and operational—is vital for harmonizing the efforts of all components of the organization and resources of all kinds. The gap between social demands and expectations and the capacity of public agencies to meet them has grown in Latin America since the 1980s. This created a demand for greater efficiency and effectiveness in the use of public resources. It is within this context of public services that the Heredia Public Services Company (Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S.A.) was founded and developed. This municipally owned company began providing public services for electricity distribution and street lighting in the province of Heredia 39 years ago. Later, it assumed other services, such as drinking water and sanitation, and developed others, such as fire hydrants and telecommunications. The current organizational structure consists of strategic business units (SBUs): Electric Power and Public Lighting (EEYAP SBU), Drinking Water and Fire Hydrants (APH SBU), Wastewater (AR SBU), Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and Commercialization (COMMERCIAL SBU). There is also a support unit structure that assists in the administration of these SBUs. This proposal focuses on the Electric Power and Public Lighting SBU (EEYAP SBU), which serves approximately 80,000 customers. Strategic planning was initiated at this company in 2002, and since then, significant efforts have been made to align this planning with the operational level. Given that the current strategic plan covers a 10-year period, and operational planning covers a one-year period, the need for an intermediate level of tactical planning is evident. This level would allow for the integration of both planning horizons and harmonize the company's various components toward common medium- and long-term objectives. Therefore, the overall objective of this research was to propose a methodology for developing tactical plans that integrates strategic and operational planning and is applicable to the electricity distribution and public lighting services offered by ESPH S.A. To achieve this, the first specific objective was to conduct a diagnostic assessment of the perception of tactical planning within the EEYAP Business Unit. Subsequently, the research focused on existing tactical planning systems in other Costa Rican public institutions. Finally, using the findings from this assessment, a relevant methodology was proposed for developing tactical plans for ESPH S.A.'s electricity distribution and public lighting services. The methodology included a diagnostic assessment of the personnel responsible for formulating and implementing these plans within the EEYAP Business Unit. This assessment involved a survey covering the concepts, formulation, execution, and monitoring of tactical plans. Documentary research was used to investigate tactical planning systems in other entities. The two techniques described above, along with the contribution of bibliographic research, formed the basis for the proposed methodology. The results of the applied survey showed that an attempt has been made to implement a concept whose definition, both in general and in business terms, is not sufficiently clear. The timeframe associated with this type of planning, currently five years, is also unclear. While there is awareness of the alignment between the three types of planning, the personnel in charge were unable to identify how this alignment occurs. There is no link to the annual budget, so this relationship reflected an ambiguous perception among those interviewed. One of the recommendations based on the diagnosis is to establish an appropriate format for writing objectives, as well as the type of indicators linked to them. In other public institutions studied, a varying degree of maturity in tactical planning is observed. The adaptability of the topic is evident, as it is shaped according to the particular needs of each institution. The consulted literature does not provide a clear definition of tactical planning. The information found refers to its characteristics but does not offer a definition as such. Operational planning and tactics are often used interchangeably, perhaps because they share similarities. The proposed methodology, based on the diagnostic results, involves creating a tactical map that outlines the objectives corresponding and the relationships between them. These tactical objectives will in turn be incorporated into a matrix that allows for the formulation, programming, definition of the necessary budget, monitoring and evaluation of the level of compliance of programs, projects, activities or services.
Planning plays a key role in both private and public companies. Its objective should not be understood as merely establishing a plan; it must be a vital tool for achieving results. Coherence among the different levels of planning—strategic, tactical, and operational—is vital for harmonizing the efforts of all components of the organization and resources of all kinds. The gap between social demands and expectations and the capacity of public agencies to meet them has grown in Latin America since the 1980s. This created a demand for greater efficiency and effectiveness in the use of public resources. It is within this context of public services that the Heredia Public Services Company (Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia S.A.) was founded and developed. This municipally owned company began providing public services for electricity distribution and street lighting in the province of Heredia 39 years ago. Later, it assumed other services, such as drinking water and sanitation, and developed others, such as fire hydrants and telecommunications. The current organizational structure consists of strategic business units (SBUs): Electric Power and Public Lighting (EEYAP SBU), Drinking Water and Fire Hydrants (APH SBU), Wastewater (AR SBU), Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and Commercialization (COMMERCIAL SBU). There is also a support unit structure that assists in the administration of these SBUs. This proposal focuses on the Electric Power and Public Lighting SBU (EEYAP SBU), which serves approximately 80,000 customers. Strategic planning was initiated at this company in 2002, and since then, significant efforts have been made to align this planning with the operational level. Given that the current strategic plan covers a 10-year period, and operational planning covers a one-year period, the need for an intermediate level of tactical planning is evident. This level would allow for the integration of both planning horizons and harmonize the company's various components toward common medium- and long-term objectives. Therefore, the overall objective of this research was to propose a methodology for developing tactical plans that integrates strategic and operational planning and is applicable to the electricity distribution and public lighting services offered by ESPH S.A. To achieve this, the first specific objective was to conduct a diagnostic assessment of the perception of tactical planning within the EEYAP Business Unit. Subsequently, the research focused on existing tactical planning systems in other Costa Rican public institutions. Finally, using the findings from this assessment, a relevant methodology was proposed for developing tactical plans for ESPH S.A.'s electricity distribution and public lighting services. The methodology included a diagnostic assessment of the personnel responsible for formulating and implementing these plans within the EEYAP Business Unit. This assessment involved a survey covering the concepts, formulation, execution, and monitoring of tactical plans. Documentary research was used to investigate tactical planning systems in other entities. The two techniques described above, along with the contribution of bibliographic research, formed the basis for the proposed methodology. The results of the applied survey showed that an attempt has been made to implement a concept whose definition, both in general and in business terms, is not sufficiently clear. The timeframe associated with this type of planning, currently five years, is also unclear. While there is awareness of the alignment between the three types of planning, the personnel in charge were unable to identify how this alignment occurs. There is no link to the annual budget, so this relationship reflected an ambiguous perception among those interviewed. One of the recommendations based on the diagnosis is to establish an appropriate format for writing objectives, as well as the type of indicators linked to them. In other public institutions studied, a varying degree of maturity in tactical planning is observed. The adaptability of the topic is evident, as it is shaped according to the particular needs of each institution. The consulted literature does not provide a clear definition of tactical planning. The information found refers to its characteristics but does not offer a definition as such. Operational planning and tactics are often used interchangeably, perhaps because they share similarities. The proposed methodology, based on the diagnostic results, involves creating a tactical map that outlines the objectives corresponding and the relationships between them. These tactical objectives will in turn be incorporated into a matrix that allows for the formulation, programming, definition of the necessary budget, monitoring and evaluation of the level of compliance of programs, projects, activities or services.
Descripción
Maestría con énfasis en Planificación Estratégica
Palabras clave
SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS, EMPRESAS, PLANIFICACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA, PUBLIC SERVICES, COMPANIES, STRATEGIC PLANNING
