Murciélagos generalistas de Costa Rica: descripción de aspectos macroambientales en sitios de captura, características de hospedero y caracterización molecular de hemoflagelados de Leishmania spp. y Trypanosoma spp.
Fecha
2017
Autores
Rubí Chacón, Randall
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los murciélagos son un grupo de mamíferos con gran diversidad, que juegan un
papel muy importante en los procesos ecológicos de los bosques tropicales. A pesar de ello,
actualmente se encuentran amenazados por la fragmentación, la degradación del hábitat, la
desinformación y el uso de pesticidas; que causan cambios en la oferta alimenticia
afectando la dinámica de las comunidades de estos quirópteros.
Históricamente han sido asociados con una serie de agentes infecciosos como virus,
bacterias y hongos, así como agentes parasitarios. Dentro de las investigaciones realizadas
en parásitos, destacan las realizadas en los hemoflagelados de la familia Trypanosomatidae,
como Trypanosoma cruzi y Leishmania spp., las cuales se han basado principalmente en la
detección de dichos agentes, dejando de lado aspectos macroambientales y de
caracterización molecular.
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo detectar y caracterizar los murciélagos positivos a
Leishmania spp. y Trypanosoma spp., describir los factores macroambientales de sitios de
captura e identificar por métodos moleculares estos hemoparásitos con el fin de aportar
información que pueda contribuir al entendimiento de las relaciones filogenéticas
parásito/hospedador y posibles relaciones ecoepidemiológicas.
Durante junio 2013 a agosto 2014, se realizó un estudio transversal en 11 sitios de
diferentes provincias de Costa Rica, donde se capturó un total de 98 murciélagos, en su
mayoría de los géneros Artibeus, Glossophaga, Carollia y Sturnira. Se anotó las medidas
biométricas, peso, sexo, grupo etario y condición reproductiva y se tomó muestras de sangre
de cada individuo. Las muestras sanguíneas fueron analizadas mediante PCR amplificando
una región del gen 18S ADNr para determinar la presencia de Leishmania spp. y
Trypanosoma spp. Se realizó un análisis de las características macroambientales de los sitios
de captura en los cuales se encontró murciélagos positivos a hemoflagelados. Para ello, se
utilizaron las capas vectoriales de temperatura, precipitación, cobertura y uso de suelo del
Atlas de Costa Rica. Finalmente, se estudiaron las relaciones filogenéticas de las secuencias
encontradas en los murciélagos del presente estudio con secuencias de otros
tripanosomátidos descritas anteriormente por otros investigadores.
Se encontró Leishmania spp. y Trypanosoma spp. en murciélagos Glossophaga
soricina, Carollia sowelli, Carollia perspicillata y Artibeus jamaicensis. De las
características de hospedero y macroambientales evaluadas, el peso del murciélago y la
precipitación se establecieron como posibles variables relacionadas con la presencia de estos
tripanosomátidos.
La secuenciación de un segmento de 480 pb del gen 18S ADNr de las muestras de
sangre de los murciélagos positivos a hemoflagelados mostraron 99-100% de identidad
nucleotídica con Trypanosoma cruzi (442pb/442pb, 426pb/428pb, 432pb/433pb) y
Trypanosoma minasense (346pb/347bp, 348pb/348bp, 368pb/370pb). Los resultados del
análisis filogenético apoyan la separación de Trypanosoma minasense de Trypanosoma
rangeli y T. cruzi. La presente investigación provee un estudio base y aporta información
sobre las relaciones filogenéticas de los hemoflagelados asociados a los quirópteros del
Continente Americano.
Bats are a mammalian group with high diversity that play a very important role in the ecologic process of the rain forest. Despite of that, nowadays they have been threatened by fragmentation, habitat degradation, disinformation and pesticides which trigger changes in food offer affecting the community dynamics. Historically they have been associated with several infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Taking in account research about parasites, highlight mainly in the detection of hemoflagellates from the family Trypanosomatidae, such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., leaving behind macroenvironmental aspects and molecular characterization. The aim of this study was to characterize bats positives and negatives to Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp., describe macroenvironmental factors from capture sites and identify the hemoflagellates by molecular methods to generate information that can contribute to the understanding of the parasite/host phylogenetic relationships. During June 2013 and August 2014, a transversal study was made in 11 sites, from eight localities from Costa Rica, where a total of 98 bats were capture. The majority from the genera Artibeus, Glossophaga, Carollia and Sturnira. Biometric measures, weight, sex, age group and reproductive condition was recorded and blood samples were taken from each individual. Blood samples were analized by PCR amplifying the 18S gen región to determine the presence of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. A macroenvironmental characteristic analysis was performed from capture sites. Bats that are positive to hemoflagellates were found using vector layers of temperature, rainfall, coverage and land use with the Costa Rica Atlas (2014) and phylogenetic relationships of the obtained sequences were compared with reported tripanosomatides sequences. Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. were found in Glossophaga soricina, Carollia sowelli, Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus jamaicensis. The host and macroenvironmental characteristic was evaluated and showed how the bat weight and rainfall related to the presence of this tripanosomatides. Sequence of the 480 bp segment of the gene 18S from positive bat blood samples showed 99% of nucleotic identity with Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma minasense and the results from the phylogenetic analysis support the detachment of Trypanosoma minasense from T. rangeli and T. cruzi. Thus, this research generate a baseline which contributes the understanding of th1e phylogenetic relationships of the hemoflagellates associated to quiroptera in America.
Bats are a mammalian group with high diversity that play a very important role in the ecologic process of the rain forest. Despite of that, nowadays they have been threatened by fragmentation, habitat degradation, disinformation and pesticides which trigger changes in food offer affecting the community dynamics. Historically they have been associated with several infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Taking in account research about parasites, highlight mainly in the detection of hemoflagellates from the family Trypanosomatidae, such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., leaving behind macroenvironmental aspects and molecular characterization. The aim of this study was to characterize bats positives and negatives to Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp., describe macroenvironmental factors from capture sites and identify the hemoflagellates by molecular methods to generate information that can contribute to the understanding of the parasite/host phylogenetic relationships. During June 2013 and August 2014, a transversal study was made in 11 sites, from eight localities from Costa Rica, where a total of 98 bats were capture. The majority from the genera Artibeus, Glossophaga, Carollia and Sturnira. Biometric measures, weight, sex, age group and reproductive condition was recorded and blood samples were taken from each individual. Blood samples were analized by PCR amplifying the 18S gen región to determine the presence of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. A macroenvironmental characteristic analysis was performed from capture sites. Bats that are positive to hemoflagellates were found using vector layers of temperature, rainfall, coverage and land use with the Costa Rica Atlas (2014) and phylogenetic relationships of the obtained sequences were compared with reported tripanosomatides sequences. Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. were found in Glossophaga soricina, Carollia sowelli, Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus jamaicensis. The host and macroenvironmental characteristic was evaluated and showed how the bat weight and rainfall related to the presence of this tripanosomatides. Sequence of the 480 bp segment of the gene 18S from positive bat blood samples showed 99% of nucleotic identity with Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma minasense and the results from the phylogenetic analysis support the detachment of Trypanosoma minasense from T. rangeli and T. cruzi. Thus, this research generate a baseline which contributes the understanding of th1e phylogenetic relationships of the hemoflagellates associated to quiroptera in America.
Descripción
Maestría en Medicina de la Conservación con Énfasis en Salud Ecosistémica
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, MURCIÉLAGO, LEISHMANIASIS, TRYPANOSOMATIDAE, BATS