Análisis desde la Teoría Crítica de los Derechos Humanos: Niños y niñas migrantes nicaragüenses que ingresaron al Sistema Educativo Costarricense en el período 2019 y 2020, a la Escuela Carmen Lyra, de Alajuelita.
Fecha
2020
Autores
Gómez Vargas, Xorshi
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ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Este estudio se desarrolló en la Escuela Carmen Lyra, en Concepción Arriba de Alajuelita, y el problema de investigación es planteado de acuerdo con el análisis y reflexión de la temática en estudio, por lo cual, la interrogante de investigación es: ¿Los derechos humanos, tales como el interés superior, identidad, libertad de expresión y educación son garantizados para la niñez migrante nicaragüense que ingresó al Sistema Educativo Costarricense en el período 2019 y 2020, a la Escuela Carmen Lyra, de Alajuelita?
A todo esto, el estudio de un fenómeno social por lo general, trae consigo una realidad lejana a nuestra visión, ya que permite abrir el panorama acerca de cuánto nos falta por actuar, así como, cuánto camino hay que recorrer para mejorar la condición de la niñez migrante, es ahí, donde la investigación permitirá profundizar respecto de qué tan lejos se está de lograr verdaderos avances en cuanto al tema de los derechos de los niños y las niñas migrantes, puesto que el estudio se ubica en el campo de los derechos humanos y pretende evidenciar, cuál ha sido el quehacer del Estado Costarricense para avanzar con la calidad de vida de esta población nicaragüense, y es aquí, de donde parte la importancia de esta investigación, dado que los infantes desde su nacimiento poseen derechos civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales, siendo así parte del compromiso estatal, respetarles como titulares de sus derechos.
Como parte de los antecedentes, se evidencia que no existe abordaje ni producción de trabajos investigativos respecto de este tema, puesto que, ninguna de las investigaciones consultadas se refería a las condiciones que enfrenta la niñez migrante nicaragüense. Es por esto, que este estudio constituye un aporte significativo, pues permitirá trascender los discursos adultocéntricos, para así generar importantes alcances en relación con la calidad de las condiciones de vida de estos migrantes, como les corresponde al ser personas con derechos, por lo que no se pueden restringir la satisfacción de sus necesidades y el ejercicio pleno de sus derechos humanos.
Además, como objetivo general de esta investigación se planteó: Analizar si se garantiza el derecho al interés superior, identidad, libertad de expresión y educación para la niñez migrante nicaragüense que ingresó al Sistema Educativo Costarricense en el período 2019 y 2020, a la Escuela Carmen Lyra, de Alajuelita.
Por otra parte, las categorías conceptuales permiten comprender el objeto de estudio para el desarrollo de la investigación, entre las cuales se encuentran: la Teoría Crítica de los Derechos Humanos, Niñez y Migración y por último, se menciona la categoría de Derechos de la niñez, donde se hace referencia a los derechos de Interés superior, Identidad, Libertad de expresión y Educación.
Conjuntamente, la investigación cuenta con un enfoque cualitativo, ya que este permite que desde la Teoría Crítica de los Derechos Humanos, se reconozca a la niñez migrante como persona con derechos, y así llegar a conocer y entender su realidad desde una visión integral.
Al mismo tiempo, los hallazgos obtenidos en relación con el primer objetivo de la investigación: Identificar la percepción que tiene la niñez migrante nicaragüense de sus derechos humanos, para ello se utilizó la técnica de la observación con una muestra de ocho infantes migrantes nicaragüenses.
Para el segundo objetivo: Identificar la percepción del personal docente, respecto del cumplimiento de los derechos humanos de la niñez migrante nicaragüense, otra de las técnicas aplicadas para la obtención de datos fue el cuestionario, como instrumento que permitió conocer la percepción del personal docente del centro educativo, con relación al cumplimiento de los derechos humanos de esta población.
El tercer objetivo es: Identificar la percepción de los padres, madres o personas encargadas de familia, acerca del cumplimiento de los derechos humanos de sus hijos migrantes nicaragüenses, se utilizó la técnica de la entrevista no estructurada, ya que esta permitió recabar información a través de llamada telefónica realizada a dos madres de familia de dos infantes migrantes nicaragüenses.
Como cuarto objetivo, se busca: Evaluar el cumplimiento de las normativas nacionales e internacionales e identificar los vacíos existentes con relación en los derechos humanos de la niñez migrante nicaragüense, de la Escuela Carmen Lyra, de Alajuelita, aquí se puntualizan algunas de las normativas nacionales e internacionales que se dirigen al resguardo de los derechos de los menores migrantes.
Finalmente, como quinto objetivo, esta: Fortalecer acciones que permitan la protección en cuanto los derechos humanos de los niños y las niñas migrantes, por medio de una guía de taller socioeducativo como propuesta, que se dirija al centro educativo y la cual aborde temáticas, como: valores, inclusión y educación para la paz, con el fin de que se continúen desarrollando permanentemente en la escuela.
Como conclusiones, se reflexiona como un valor imponderable e impostergable que el Estado y las instituciones busquen comprender la realidad de los niños y las niñas migrantes nicaragüenses y que se reúnan los esfuerzos para garantizar y salvaguardar los derechos de esta población, como es el caso del Ministerio de Educación Pública, puesto que fue en un centro educativo donde se desarrolló la investigación, con lo que se logró evidenciar que se carece de capacitaciones, programas y proyectos que respondan al respeto y válida de los derechos humanos de la infancia migrante, razón por la que se denota la poca importancia que se le está otorgando a este tema.
En este sentido, se considera fundamental capacitar al personal docente de los centros educativos para que puedan contar con la sensibilización y la preparación en el tema de los derechos humanos de la niñez migrante, además, para que se pueda replicar con las familias tales formaciones, y por supuesto, para que cuenten con un aprendizaje intercultural, basado en el respeto, la inclusión y la empatía, así como en valores que propicien una educación para la paz y en derechos humanos, todo esto para salvaguardar, verdaderamente, los derechos de las personas menores de edad migrantes.
Los niños y las niñas tienen derecho a gozar de una pedagogía intercultural y a disfrutar de un desarrollo integral sano, es decir vivir la infancia y conocer un mundo lleno de posibilidades, que les permita crecer tanto física como, intelectualmente. Por esta razón, es de interés analizar el problema dentro de nuestra sociedad, con el fin de concienciar y conseguir una movilización activa hacia la denuncia de cualquier tipo de violación contra la niñez migrante nicaragüense. Y a partir de esto, se derivan las recomendaciones, las cuales, se consideran pertinentes de tomar en cuenta para avanzar, en cuanto al tema de los derechos humanos de los niños y las niñas migrantes nicaragüenses.
This study was developed in the Carmen Lyra School, in Concepción Arriba de Alajuelita, and the research problem is posed according to the analysis and reflection of the subject under study, therefore, the research question is: Are human rights, such as the best interest, identity, freedom of expression and education guaranteed for Nicaraguan migrant children who entered the Costa Rican Educational System in the period 2019 and 2020, at the Carmen Lyra School, in Alajuelita? To all this, the study of a social phenomenon usually brings with it a reality far from our vision, since it allows us to open the panorama about how much we still have to act, as well as, how far we have to go to improve the condition of migrant children, it is there, where the research will allow us to deepen regarding how far we are from achieving real progress on the issue of the rights of migrant children, Since the study is located in the field of human rights and aims to show what the Costa Rican State has done to advance the quality of life of this Nicaraguan population, this is where the importance of this research comes from, given that infants from birth have civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, thus being part of the State's commitment to respect them as holders of their rights. As part of the background, it is evident that there is no approach or production of research on this topic, since none of the researches consulted referred to the conditions faced by Nicaraguan migrant children. This is why this study constitutes a significant contribution, as it will allow transcending the adult-centric discourses, in order to generate important achievements in relation to the quality of life conditions of these migrants, as they are persons with rights, so that the satisfaction of their needs and the full exercise of their human rights cannot be restricted. In addition, the general objective of this research was: To analyze whether the right to the best interest, identity, freedom of expression and education is guaranteed for Nicaraguan migrant children who entered the Costa Rican Educational System in the period 2019 and 2020, at the Carmen Lyra School, in Alajuelita. On the other hand, the conceptual categories allow understanding the object of study for the development of the research, among which are: the Critical Theory of Human Rights, Childhood and Migration and finally, the category of Children's Rights is mentioned, where reference is made to the rights of Best Interest, Identity, Freedom of Expression and Education. Together, the research has a qualitative approach, since it allows, from the Critical Theory of Human Rights, to recognize migrant children as persons with rights, and thus to get to know and understand their reality from an integral vision. At the same time, the findings obtained in relation to the first objective of the research: To identify the perception that Nicaraguan migrant children have of their human rights, for which the observation technique was used with a sample of eight Nicaraguan migrant children. For the second objective: To identify the perception of the teaching staff regarding the fulfillment of the human rights of Nicaraguan migrant children, another of the techniques applied to obtain data was the questionnaire, as an instrument that allowed to know the perception of the teaching staff of the educational center, in relation to the fulfillment of the human rights of this population. The third objective is: To identify the perception of fathers, mothers or persons in charge of the family, about the fulfillment of the human rights of their Nicaraguan migrant children, the technique of the unstructured interview was used, since it allowed gathering information through a telephone call made to two mothers of two Nicaraguan migrant infants. As a fourth objective, we sought to: Evaluate compliance with national and international regulations and identify existing gaps in relation to the human rights of Nicaraguan migrant children at the Carmen Lyra School in Alajuelita, here are some of the national and international regulations aimed at safeguarding the rights of migrant children. Finally, the fifth objective is: To strengthen actions that allow the protection of the human rights of migrant children, by means of a socio-educational workshop guide as a proposal, which is directed to the educational center and which addresses topics such as: values, inclusion and education for peace, so that they continue to be developed permanently in the school. As conclusions, it is reflected as an imponderable and unpostponable value that the State and the institutions seek to understand the reality of Nicaraguan migrant children and that efforts are made to guarantee and safeguard the rights of this population, as is the case of the Ministry of Public Education, Since it was in an educational center where the research was carried out, it became evident that there is a lack of training, programs and projects that respond to the respect and validation of the human rights of migrant children, which is why it is evident that little importance is being given to this issue. In this sense, it is considered essential to train the teaching staff of educational centers so that they can have the awareness and preparation on the issue of human rights of migrant children, in addition, so that they can replicate such training with families, and of course, so that they have an intercultural learning, based on respect, inclusion and empathy, as well as values that promote education for peace and human rights, all this to truly safeguard the rights of migrant minors. Children have the right to enjoy an intercultural pedagogy and to enjoy a healthy integral development, that is to say, to live their childhood and to know a world full of possibilities, which allows them to grow both physically and intellectually. For this reason, it is of interest to analyze the problem within our society, in order to raise awareness and achieve an active mobilization towards the denunciation of any type of violation against Nicaraguan migrant children. And from this, recommendations are derived, which are considered pertinent to take into account in order to move forward on the issue of human rights of Nicaraguan migrant children.
This study was developed in the Carmen Lyra School, in Concepción Arriba de Alajuelita, and the research problem is posed according to the analysis and reflection of the subject under study, therefore, the research question is: Are human rights, such as the best interest, identity, freedom of expression and education guaranteed for Nicaraguan migrant children who entered the Costa Rican Educational System in the period 2019 and 2020, at the Carmen Lyra School, in Alajuelita? To all this, the study of a social phenomenon usually brings with it a reality far from our vision, since it allows us to open the panorama about how much we still have to act, as well as, how far we have to go to improve the condition of migrant children, it is there, where the research will allow us to deepen regarding how far we are from achieving real progress on the issue of the rights of migrant children, Since the study is located in the field of human rights and aims to show what the Costa Rican State has done to advance the quality of life of this Nicaraguan population, this is where the importance of this research comes from, given that infants from birth have civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, thus being part of the State's commitment to respect them as holders of their rights. As part of the background, it is evident that there is no approach or production of research on this topic, since none of the researches consulted referred to the conditions faced by Nicaraguan migrant children. This is why this study constitutes a significant contribution, as it will allow transcending the adult-centric discourses, in order to generate important achievements in relation to the quality of life conditions of these migrants, as they are persons with rights, so that the satisfaction of their needs and the full exercise of their human rights cannot be restricted. In addition, the general objective of this research was: To analyze whether the right to the best interest, identity, freedom of expression and education is guaranteed for Nicaraguan migrant children who entered the Costa Rican Educational System in the period 2019 and 2020, at the Carmen Lyra School, in Alajuelita. On the other hand, the conceptual categories allow understanding the object of study for the development of the research, among which are: the Critical Theory of Human Rights, Childhood and Migration and finally, the category of Children's Rights is mentioned, where reference is made to the rights of Best Interest, Identity, Freedom of Expression and Education. Together, the research has a qualitative approach, since it allows, from the Critical Theory of Human Rights, to recognize migrant children as persons with rights, and thus to get to know and understand their reality from an integral vision. At the same time, the findings obtained in relation to the first objective of the research: To identify the perception that Nicaraguan migrant children have of their human rights, for which the observation technique was used with a sample of eight Nicaraguan migrant children. For the second objective: To identify the perception of the teaching staff regarding the fulfillment of the human rights of Nicaraguan migrant children, another of the techniques applied to obtain data was the questionnaire, as an instrument that allowed to know the perception of the teaching staff of the educational center, in relation to the fulfillment of the human rights of this population. The third objective is: To identify the perception of fathers, mothers or persons in charge of the family, about the fulfillment of the human rights of their Nicaraguan migrant children, the technique of the unstructured interview was used, since it allowed gathering information through a telephone call made to two mothers of two Nicaraguan migrant infants. As a fourth objective, we sought to: Evaluate compliance with national and international regulations and identify existing gaps in relation to the human rights of Nicaraguan migrant children at the Carmen Lyra School in Alajuelita, here are some of the national and international regulations aimed at safeguarding the rights of migrant children. Finally, the fifth objective is: To strengthen actions that allow the protection of the human rights of migrant children, by means of a socio-educational workshop guide as a proposal, which is directed to the educational center and which addresses topics such as: values, inclusion and education for peace, so that they continue to be developed permanently in the school. As conclusions, it is reflected as an imponderable and unpostponable value that the State and the institutions seek to understand the reality of Nicaraguan migrant children and that efforts are made to guarantee and safeguard the rights of this population, as is the case of the Ministry of Public Education, Since it was in an educational center where the research was carried out, it became evident that there is a lack of training, programs and projects that respond to the respect and validation of the human rights of migrant children, which is why it is evident that little importance is being given to this issue. In this sense, it is considered essential to train the teaching staff of educational centers so that they can have the awareness and preparation on the issue of human rights of migrant children, in addition, so that they can replicate such training with families, and of course, so that they have an intercultural learning, based on respect, inclusion and empathy, as well as values that promote education for peace and human rights, all this to truly safeguard the rights of migrant minors. Children have the right to enjoy an intercultural pedagogy and to enjoy a healthy integral development, that is to say, to live their childhood and to know a world full of possibilities, which allows them to grow both physically and intellectually. For this reason, it is of interest to analyze the problem within our society, in order to raise awareness and achieve an active mobilization towards the denunciation of any type of violation against Nicaraguan migrant children. And from this, recommendations are derived, which are considered pertinent to take into account in order to move forward on the issue of human rights of Nicaraguan migrant children.
Descripción
Maestría en Derechos Humanos y Educación para la Paz
Palabras clave
EDUCACIÓN, TEORÍA CRÍTICA, MIGRACIÓN, NIÑOS, EXTRANJEROS, NICARAGUA, EDUCATION, CRITICAL THEORY, MIGRATION, CHILDREN, FOREIGNERS