Impacto macroeconómico de las reformas paramétricas al Régimen de Invalidez, Vejez y Muerte en Costa Rica, 2005-2050
Fecha
2025-08-11
Autores
Céspedes Morales, Brandon
Paniagua Quesada, Evan
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los estudios actuariales realizados al RIVM desde entonces han puesto en evidencia su delicada situación financiera, recientemente pronosticándose que este no podría cubrir sus funciones hacia el año 2047 (CCSS, 2024). Con la finalidad de aplazar este momento crítico, y mantener su estructura solidaria vigente, se han instaurado distintos ajustes en su perfil de beneficios y requisitos; además de recomendarse la legislación de más cambios en dichos parámetros para los próximos 25 años. La presente investigación analiza las posibles repercusiones macroeconómicas derivadas de la aplicación de dichos cambios al RIVM; a través de la estimación numérica de un Modelo de Generaciones Traslapadas (MGT) de tres periodos, el cual tiene sus bases teóricas en la hipótesis del ciclo de vida (HCL), pieza central de la teoría económica neoclásica sobre el ahorro y el consumo intertemporal, con el fin de evaluar distintas reformas pensionales en función de sus efectos sobre variables relativas al ahorro, el consumo y la producción. El MGT fue calibrado para reflejar las características del RIVM, especialmente en cuanto a su estructura tripartita de financiamiento. La simulación demostró que, a largo plazo (después de 20 años), las alternativas de reforma más afables con la posición financiera de la seguridad social representativa son aquellas que actúan tanto sobre sus ingresos como sobre sus gastos; en línea con las recomendaciones especializadas. En otras palabras, aquellas que combinan incrementos en los porcentajes de contribución al régimen y que en simultaneo reducen el nivel de las pensiones pagadas. Se observó que la elección de una u otra reforma necesariamente supone un intercambio de utilidad entre las distintas generaciones de agentes económicos, en línea con las conclusiones de estudios similares, y se encontró que los incrementos en la productividad de los factores de la economía costarricense a futuro aminorarían significativamente la mayoría de los potenciales efectos negativos a nivel agregado que se puedan derivar de las reformas pensionales.
Actuarial studies conducted on the RIVM since then have highlighted its delicate financial situation, with recent predictions suggesting that it will be unable to perform its functions by 2047 (CCSS, 2024). In order to postpone this critical moment and maintain its current solidarity structure, various adjustments to its benefits and requirements profile have been implemented; in addition, legislation for further changes to these parameters has been recommended for the next 25 years. This research analyzes the potential macroeconomic repercussions arising from the application of these changes to the RIVM through the numerical estimation of a three-period Overlapping Generations Model (GGM), which is theoretically based on the life-cycle hypothesis (LCH), a central element of neoclassical economic theory on intertemporal saving and consumption. This research aims to evaluate various pension reforms based on their effects on variables related to saving, consumption, and production. The MGT was calibrated to reflect the characteristics of the RIVM, particularly its tripartite financing structure. The simulation showed that, in the long term (after 20 years), the reform alternatives most favorable to the financial position of the representative social security system are those that affect both its revenues and expenses, in line with expert recommendations. In other words, those that combine increases in the percentages of contributions to the system and simultaneously reduce the level of pensions paid. It was observed that the choice of one reform or another necessarily entails an exchange of utility between different generations of economic agents, in line with the conclusions of similar studies. It was also found that increases in the factor productivity of the Costa Rican economy in the future would significantly mitigate most of the potential negative effects at the aggregate level that may arise from pension reforms.
Actuarial studies conducted on the RIVM since then have highlighted its delicate financial situation, with recent predictions suggesting that it will be unable to perform its functions by 2047 (CCSS, 2024). In order to postpone this critical moment and maintain its current solidarity structure, various adjustments to its benefits and requirements profile have been implemented; in addition, legislation for further changes to these parameters has been recommended for the next 25 years. This research analyzes the potential macroeconomic repercussions arising from the application of these changes to the RIVM through the numerical estimation of a three-period Overlapping Generations Model (GGM), which is theoretically based on the life-cycle hypothesis (LCH), a central element of neoclassical economic theory on intertemporal saving and consumption. This research aims to evaluate various pension reforms based on their effects on variables related to saving, consumption, and production. The MGT was calibrated to reflect the characteristics of the RIVM, particularly its tripartite financing structure. The simulation showed that, in the long term (after 20 years), the reform alternatives most favorable to the financial position of the representative social security system are those that affect both its revenues and expenses, in line with expert recommendations. In other words, those that combine increases in the percentages of contributions to the system and simultaneously reduce the level of pensions paid. It was observed that the choice of one reform or another necessarily entails an exchange of utility between different generations of economic agents, in line with the conclusions of similar studies. It was also found that increases in the factor productivity of the Costa Rican economy in the future would significantly mitigate most of the potential negative effects at the aggregate level that may arise from pension reforms.
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COTIZACIÓN EN SEGURIDAD SOCIAL, SOCIAL SECURITY QUOTE, LEGISLACIÓN, LEGISLATION, JUBILACIÓN, RETIREMENT, PENSIONES, Pensions, FINANZAS, FINANCE