Determinación de la huella hídrica en la finca Pico Blanco para su incorporación en el programa de Bandera Azul Ecológica en las categorías de Hogar Sostenible y Micro-cuencas Hidrológicas
Fecha
2019-03
Autores
Del Valle Pérez, Nancy
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
La huella hídrica (HH) es un indicador que refleja el impacto del consumo humano en los
recursos globales de agua dulce, éste se clasifica en 3 categorías: azul, verde y gris. La
determinación de la huella hídrica se realizó en la unidad doméstica Pico Blanco, esto con
el fin de mostrar de forma cuantitativa los beneficios de implementar medidas
sustentables, además de evaluar las posibilidades de incorporar este indicador en las
categorías Microcuencas Hidrológicas y Hogar Sostenible del Programa Bandera Azul
Ecológica del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado.
La huella hídrica azul producto de las actividades domésticas en la finca Pico Blanco fue
de 0,06 m3/día-persona. La huella hídrica gris fue de 3,3 x10-3 m3/ha y se calculó a partir
del contaminante principal presente en las aguas residuales, que en este caso fueron las
grasas y los aceites.
La huella hídrica agrícola total (HH azul+HH verde+HH gris) para la zona de estudio fue
de 16,43 m3/kg cosechado. El cultivo del maíz fue el que presentó mayor huella hídrica
agrícola, con un valor de 11,29 m3/kg, equivalente al 68,72 % del total de la huella hídrica
agrícola de la finca Pico Blanco. Los valores de los otros cultivos fueron 2,10 m3/kg para
el tomate, 1,15 m3/kg para el chile dulce, 0,90 m3/kg para el tiquisque zapote y la sábila,
0,45 m3/kg para el banano, 0,44 m3/kg para los cítricos y 0,11 m3/kg para el chayote.
La huella hídrica verde fue la que presentó mayor impacto sobre el valor final, ya que sus
valores fueron mayores al 40 % en todos sus cultivos. La textura del suelo del área
agrícola se clasificó como franco arenoso con una porosidad del 64 %. Además de la
huella hídrica, se aplicó el Índice Holandés para conocer la calidad física y química del
agua del río Catalina, en su recorrido por la unidad doméstica Pico Blanco. Se midió un
nivel de contaminación incipiente para las épocas lluviosa y seca.
Se realizó un análisis de las categorías Microcuencas Hidrológicas y Hogar Sostenible
del Programa Bandera Azul Ecológica para evaluar la posibilidad de incorporar el
indicador de huella hídrica. A partir de este análisis, se incluyó una nueva categoría para
el programa de Bandera Azul donde se abarque solamente la huella hídrica, ya que los
criterios establecidos en las categorías propuestas anteriormente muestran varias
diferencias con los requerimientos que solicita este indicador de consumo.
The water footprint (HH) is an indicator that reflects the impact of human consumption on global freshwater resources, it is classified into 3 categories: blue, green and gray. The determination of the water footprint was carried out in the Pico Blanco domestic unit, this in order to quantitatively show the benefits of implementing sustainable measures, in addition to evaluating the possibilities of incorporating this indicator in the Micro-Watersheds and Sustainable Home categories of the Program Ecological Blue Flag of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage. The blue water footprint resulting from domestic activities on the Pico Blanco farm was 0.06 m3/person-day. The gray water footprint was 3.3 x10-3 m3/ha and was calculated from the main pollutant present in wastewater, which in this case were fats and oils. The total agricultural water footprint (blue HH+green HH+grey HH) for the study area was 16.43 m3/kg harvested. The corn crop was the one with the highest agricultural water footprint, with a value of 11.29 m3/kg, equivalent to 68.72 % of the total agricultural water footprint of the Pico Blanco farm. The values of the other crops were 2.10 m3/kg for tomato, 1.15 m3/kg for sweet chili, 0.90 m3/kg for tiquisque zapote and aloe, 0.45 m3/kg for banana, 0.44 m3/kg for citrus and 0.11 m3/kg for chayote. The green water footprint was the one that presented the greatest impact on the final value, since its values were greater than 40% in all its crops. The soil texture of the agricultural area was classified as sandy loam with a porosity of 64 %. In addition to the water footprint, the Dutch Index was applied to know the physical and chemical quality of the Catalina River water, in its route through the Pico Blanco household. An incipient level of contamination was measured for the rainy and dry seasons. An analysis of the Hydrological Micro-basins and Sustainable Home categories of the Ecological Blue Flag Program was carried out to evaluate the possibility of incorporating the water footprint indicator. Based on this analysis, a new category was included for the Blue Flag program that covers only the water footprint, since the criteria established in the previously proposed categories show several differences with the requirements requested by this consumption indicator.
The water footprint (HH) is an indicator that reflects the impact of human consumption on global freshwater resources, it is classified into 3 categories: blue, green and gray. The determination of the water footprint was carried out in the Pico Blanco domestic unit, this in order to quantitatively show the benefits of implementing sustainable measures, in addition to evaluating the possibilities of incorporating this indicator in the Micro-Watersheds and Sustainable Home categories of the Program Ecological Blue Flag of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage. The blue water footprint resulting from domestic activities on the Pico Blanco farm was 0.06 m3/person-day. The gray water footprint was 3.3 x10-3 m3/ha and was calculated from the main pollutant present in wastewater, which in this case were fats and oils. The total agricultural water footprint (blue HH+green HH+grey HH) for the study area was 16.43 m3/kg harvested. The corn crop was the one with the highest agricultural water footprint, with a value of 11.29 m3/kg, equivalent to 68.72 % of the total agricultural water footprint of the Pico Blanco farm. The values of the other crops were 2.10 m3/kg for tomato, 1.15 m3/kg for sweet chili, 0.90 m3/kg for tiquisque zapote and aloe, 0.45 m3/kg for banana, 0.44 m3/kg for citrus and 0.11 m3/kg for chayote. The green water footprint was the one that presented the greatest impact on the final value, since its values were greater than 40% in all its crops. The soil texture of the agricultural area was classified as sandy loam with a porosity of 64 %. In addition to the water footprint, the Dutch Index was applied to know the physical and chemical quality of the Catalina River water, in its route through the Pico Blanco household. An incipient level of contamination was measured for the rainy and dry seasons. An analysis of the Hydrological Micro-basins and Sustainable Home categories of the Ecological Blue Flag Program was carried out to evaluate the possibility of incorporating the water footprint indicator. Based on this analysis, a new category was included for the Blue Flag program that covers only the water footprint, since the criteria established in the previously proposed categories show several differences with the requirements requested by this consumption indicator.
Descripción
Del Valle Pérez, N. (2019). Determinación de la huella hídrica en la finca Pico Blanco para su incorporación en el programa de Bandera Azul Ecológica en las categorías de Hogar Sostenible y Micro-cuencas Hidrológicas. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
AGUA POTABLE, DRINKING WATER, CONSUMO DE AGUA, WATER CONSUMPTION, AGUA DULCE, INDICADORES AMBIENTALES, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, CUENCAS, MANEJO AMBIENTAL, MANEJO DE AGUAS, SOSTENIBILIDAD, ESCAZU (SAN JOSE)