El proyecto migración para el desarrollo en África: análisis de una iniciativa para la transferencia de capacidades de los miembros de la diáspora africana en Bélgica, hacia la región de los Grandes Lagos
Fecha
2010
Autores
Willem Melis, Jan
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La migración es un tema sensible para muchos gobiernos. Es el punto por
la cual algunos partidos políticos han ganado o perdido elecciones y por lo tanto
muchos han resistido tomar acciones importantes a nivel internacional en este
ámbito. Como consecuencia las respuestas han sido predominantemente
enfocadas en el aspecto de la seguridad y la regulación. Sin embargo, la
creciente atención hacia un enfoque que construye un puente entre el concepto
de migración y de desarrollo, ha causado un replanteamiento de las discusiones
en gran parte del mundo.
Un primer paso en esta dirección fue la Conferencia de las Naciones
Unidas sobre Población y Desarrollo de Cairo de 1994. Desde esta ocasión el
tema ha sido incluido cada vez más en las agendas de foros, discusiones y
conferencias de las principales organizaciones internacionales. Incluso se ha
lanzado desde 2006 un Foro Anual Global sobre Migración y Desarrollo
organizado por las Naciones Unidas (Matsas, 2008).
Una razón para la expresada necesidad de integrar ambas políticas parece
ser el incremento enorme de las remesas en los últimos años (en algunos países
representan más de diez por ciento del PIB) y el eventual potencial que estas
pueden tener en políticas de desarrollo. Sin embargo es necesario reconocer
también el potencial de la diáspora en aportar de otras formas al progreso de
sus países de origen. (De Haas, 2006, p. 1).
Así el reconocimiento de la importante relación entre ambos conceptos ha
también generado nuevas oportunidades para la cooperación para el desarrollo,
al involucrar miembros de la diáspora. Un ejemplo de ello es la transferencia de
capacidades por medio del cual se puede aumentar el impacto de estos
programas en la práctica. Prueba de ello es el surgimiento de una serie de
proyectos desarrollados alrededor de este nuevo enfoque en diversas regiones
del mundo. El proyecto pionero fue sin duda TOKTEN (Transfer of knowledge
through expatriate Nationals), llevado a cabo por PNUD y lanzado en 1970.
Otros proyectos incluyen IRI (Iraqis rebuilding Iraq) también de PNUD, el
programa RQA (Return of Qualified Afghan Nationals) y la cual ahora es
reemplazado por PAEP-EU (Placement of Afghan Expatriate Profesionals from
the EU) entre otros. Sin embargo uno de los programas más prominentes es
MIDA (Migration for Development in Africa) de la OIM con actividades en varias
zonas del continente Africano.
Es por ello que en esta tesis se hará énfasis en este último,
específicamente en las actividades en la Región de los Grandes Lagos, la cual
comprende la República Democrática de Congo, Ruanda y Burundi. Así se
analizará en adelante la participación de la diáspora en Bélgica, proveniente de
estos países por medio de la transferencia de sus capacidades.
Migration is a sensitive issue for many governments. It is the issue on which some political parties have won or lost elections and therefore many have been reluctant to take major international action in this area. As a consequence, responses have been predominantly focused on the security and regulatory aspect. However, the growing attention to an approach that bridges the concept of migration and development has caused a rethinking of discussions in much of the world. A first step in this direction was the 1994 United Nations Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. Since then, the issue has been increasingly included in the agendas of forums, discussions and conferences of the main international organizations. An Annual Global Forum on Migration and Development organized by the United Nations has even been launched since 2006 (Matsas, 2008). One reason for the expressed need to integrate both policies seems to be the enormous increase in remittances in recent years (in some countries they represent more than ten percent of GDP) and the potential they may have in development policies. However, it is also necessary to recognize the potential of the diaspora to contribute in other ways to the progress of their countries of origin (De Haas, 2006, p. 1). Thus the recognition of the important relationship between the two concepts has also generated new opportunities for development cooperation by involving members of the diaspora. An example of this is the transfer of capacities through which the impact of these programs can be increased in practice. Proof of this is the emergence of a number of projects developed around this new approach in various regions of the world. The pioneering project was undoubtedly TOKTEN (Transfer of knowledge through expatriate Nationals), carried out by UNDP and launched in 1970. Other projects include IRI (Iraqis rebuilding Iraq) also by UNDP, the RQA (Return of Qualified Afghan Nationals) program which is now replaced by PAEP-EU (Placement of Afghan Expatriate Professionals from the EU) among others. However, one of the most prominent programs is IOM's MIDA (Migration for Development in Africa) with activities in various parts of the African continent. This is why this thesis will emphasize the latter, specifically its activities in the Great Lakes Region, which includes the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Thus, the participation of the diaspora in Belgium from these countries through the transfer of their skills will be analyzed.
Migration is a sensitive issue for many governments. It is the issue on which some political parties have won or lost elections and therefore many have been reluctant to take major international action in this area. As a consequence, responses have been predominantly focused on the security and regulatory aspect. However, the growing attention to an approach that bridges the concept of migration and development has caused a rethinking of discussions in much of the world. A first step in this direction was the 1994 United Nations Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. Since then, the issue has been increasingly included in the agendas of forums, discussions and conferences of the main international organizations. An Annual Global Forum on Migration and Development organized by the United Nations has even been launched since 2006 (Matsas, 2008). One reason for the expressed need to integrate both policies seems to be the enormous increase in remittances in recent years (in some countries they represent more than ten percent of GDP) and the potential they may have in development policies. However, it is also necessary to recognize the potential of the diaspora to contribute in other ways to the progress of their countries of origin (De Haas, 2006, p. 1). Thus the recognition of the important relationship between the two concepts has also generated new opportunities for development cooperation by involving members of the diaspora. An example of this is the transfer of capacities through which the impact of these programs can be increased in practice. Proof of this is the emergence of a number of projects developed around this new approach in various regions of the world. The pioneering project was undoubtedly TOKTEN (Transfer of knowledge through expatriate Nationals), carried out by UNDP and launched in 1970. Other projects include IRI (Iraqis rebuilding Iraq) also by UNDP, the RQA (Return of Qualified Afghan Nationals) program which is now replaced by PAEP-EU (Placement of Afghan Expatriate Professionals from the EU) among others. However, one of the most prominent programs is IOM's MIDA (Migration for Development in Africa) with activities in various parts of the African continent. This is why this thesis will emphasize the latter, specifically its activities in the Great Lakes Region, which includes the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Thus, the participation of the diaspora in Belgium from these countries through the transfer of their skills will be analyzed.
Descripción
Palabras clave
ÁFRICA, BÉLGICA, COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL, MIGRACIÓN, OIM, ORGANIZACIONES NO GUBERNAMENTALES, AFRICA, BELGIUM, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, MIGRATION, IOM, NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS