Producción de plástico biodegradable a base de almidón de yuca mediante un proceso termomecánico
Fecha
2025
Autores
Moya Alvarado, Guillermo
Miranda Morales, Bárbara
Jiménez Villalta, Guillermo
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Editor
Universidad de Costa Rica (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Resumen. El presente trabajo pretende elaborar un polímero termoplástico a base de almidón (TPS) extraído de una variedad de yuca, mediante un procesamiento termomecánico en un mezclador interno de polímeros. Se examinaron preliminarmente tres formulaciones para establecer una formulación base y se escogió el alcohol polivinílico (PVOH) para reforzar el TPS. Asimismo, se realizó un estudio estadístico de las condiciones de procesamiento, las cuales se establecieron en una temperatura de 110 °C, una velocidad de 75 rpm (1,25 Hz) y un tiempo de mezcla de 6 min. Finalmente, mediante un ajuste de los porcentajes relativos de los componentes, se llegó a obtener un material con una resistencia en tensión de (15,4 ± 0,9) MPa y una elongación de (44 ± 11) %. Por medio de una prueba de envejecimiento, se observó que las propiedades del TPS se estabilizaron a los 15 días de su elaboración. Además, a través de un estudio de la biodegradabilidad, se observó una reducción en la masa del plástico del (98,5 ± 0,3) %, luego de 22 días de enterrado. Bajo condiciones controladas, el material presenta propiedades mecánicas adecuadas para ser usado en aplicaciones cotidianas; sin embargo, es necesario subsanar su sensibilidad a la humedad ambiental, ya que esta influye de manera importante en dichas propiedades mecánicas.
Abstract. The present research aims to formulate a thermoplastic polymer based on starch (TPS) extracted from a cassava variety, through a thermomechanical processing in an internal mixer. Three formulations, guided by preliminary tests, were analyzed to choose a base formulation. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) was chosen to reinforce TPS. Likewise, a statistical study of the processing conditions was carried out, from which the temperature was optimized at 110 °C, the rotor speed at 75 rpm (1,25 Hz), and the processing time at 6 min. Finally, through adjustment of the relative percentages of the components, a material with a tensile stress of (15,4 ± 0,9) MPa and a strain deformation of (44 ± 11) % was achieved. An aging test showed that properties of the TPS materials reached stabilization after 15 days of their formation. In the same way, a biodegradability test showed a reduction in the plastic mass of (98,5 ± 0,3) % after 22 days of being buried. Under controlled conditions, the material exhibits adequate mechanical properties for use in everyday applications; however, it is necessary to address its sensitivity to ambient humidity, as this significantly influences these mechanical properties.
Abstract. The present research aims to formulate a thermoplastic polymer based on starch (TPS) extracted from a cassava variety, through a thermomechanical processing in an internal mixer. Three formulations, guided by preliminary tests, were analyzed to choose a base formulation. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) was chosen to reinforce TPS. Likewise, a statistical study of the processing conditions was carried out, from which the temperature was optimized at 110 °C, the rotor speed at 75 rpm (1,25 Hz), and the processing time at 6 min. Finally, through adjustment of the relative percentages of the components, a material with a tensile stress of (15,4 ± 0,9) MPa and a strain deformation of (44 ± 11) % was achieved. An aging test showed that properties of the TPS materials reached stabilization after 15 days of their formation. In the same way, a biodegradability test showed a reduction in the plastic mass of (98,5 ± 0,3) % after 22 days of being buried. Under controlled conditions, the material exhibits adequate mechanical properties for use in everyday applications; however, it is necessary to address its sensitivity to ambient humidity, as this significantly influences these mechanical properties.
Descripción
Palabras clave
ALMIDÓN, PLÁSTICOS, YUCA, STARCH, PLASTICS, CASSAVA
