Detección de agentes infecciosos y efecto de la contaminación sobre ranas de vidrio (Anura: Centrolenidae) en una microcuenca urbana de San José, Costa Rica
Fecha
2025-08-18
Autores
Pérez Gómez, Gabriela
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los anfibios están siendo amenazados por varias razones, una de ellas, son las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes como el Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), Ranavirus 3 (RV-3) y bacterias zoonóticas. El objetivo de esta investigación buscó detectar Bd, RV-3, Chlamydia spp. y Brucella spp. en dos especies de ranas de vidrio en zonas urbanas de San José, Costa Rica y asociar los agentes infecciosos con resultados del examen objetivo general (EOG) y el índice de condición corporal (ICC). Se capturaron individuos adultos de Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni y Espadarana prosoblepon en tres sitios del río Torres en los años 2019 y 2021, a los que se les determinó el EOG e ICC. Muestras de órganos e hisopados de la piel y la cloaca se analizaron mediante pruebas moleculares para determinar la presencia de los agentes infecciosos. Todos los animales mostraron valores de EOG e ICC dentro de los parámetros normales. Se detectó la presencia de Bd en ambas especies de ranas en dos sitios (Finca Pizote y Parque del Este) y de RV-3 en E. prosoblepon en Guadalupe. Chlamydia spp. se encontró en ambas especies de ranas y en los tres sitios. Se detectó por primera vez la presencia de Bd en H. fleischmanni, RV-3 en E. prosoblepon y las bacterias Chlamydia spp. y Achromobacter spp. en ambas especies de ranas de vidrio. Se recomienda seguir realizando estudios para determinar la presencia y el efecto de agentes infecciosos en anfibios de Costa Rica. E. prosoblepon es una de 15 especies de ranas de vidrio de Costa Rica que vive en ríos urbanos expuesto a contaminación por desechos orgánicos, industriales, farmacológicos, agropecuarios y pesticidas, entre otros. Es por esto que, el presente estudio pretendió determinar el efecto de la contaminación del agua sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de los renacuajos de E. prosoblepon, así como detectar en éstos la presencia de agentes infecciosos. Se recolectaron masas de huevos de E. prosoblepon y se colocaron en cuatro terrarios con agua de tres sitios diferentes del río Torres (T1: Finca Pizote, T2: Parque del Este y T3: Guadalupe) y T4: con agua destilada como control. Los renacuajos se observaron por cuatro meses, determinando cada dos días el comportamiento, movimientos de natación, alimentación, supervivencia, longitud, coloración y estado de desarrollo de Gosner. Los huevos se analizaron molecularmente para determinar la presencia del hongo quitridio, Ranavirus 3 y especies de bacterias de Chlamydia y Brucella. Al iniciar el estudio se realizó un análisis de los parámetros fisicoquímico y microbiológico del agua de los tres sitios. Se determinó diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos con respecto a la duración de la salida de los renacuajos del agua (H = 13,12; gl = 3; p = 0,0044). Así los renacuajos del T1 y T4 duraron más días en llegar a metamorfosis con respecto al T3 y T2 (HSD = 10,05; p < .05 y HSD = 12,46; p < .05 respectivamente). Los terrarios T1 y T4 fueron en los que se estableció mayor supervivencia de los huevos hasta metamorfos, además se determinó la mayor duración en días de los renacuajos en el agua hasta iniciar la etapa terrestre. Cinco de los parámetros medidos en el agua (saturación oxígeno, sólidos sedimentables totales, coliformes fecales, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno y fosfatos) se encontraron fuera de los límites establecidos para aguas superficiales en los tres sitios de muestreo, siendo los coliformes fecales el parámetro más desigual (para T1, T2, y T3: 712 N.M.P/mL, 6870 N.M.P/mL y 24196 N.M.P/mL, respectivamente). El ICA-NSF clasificó el agua utilizada en T1 y T2 como aguas con mediana calidad, mientras que el agua del T3 resultó de mala calidad. No se detectaron agentes infecciosos en las masas de huevos, a excepción de una especie de bacteria Achromobacter. Se recomienda continuar investigando el efecto de los coliformes fecales sobre los renacuajos E. prosoblepon y repetir estos experimentos utilizando mayor cantidad de huevos. Además, es importante establecer si Achromobacter es parte de la microbiota la piel de las ranas de vidrio urbanas.
Amphibians are threatened for several reasons, one of which is emerging and reemerging diseases such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), Ranavirus 3 (RV-3), and zoonotic bacteria. The objective of this research was to detect Bd, RV-3, Chlamydia spp., and Brucella spp. in two species of glass frogs in urban areas of San José, Costa Rica, and to associate the infectious agents with the results of the general objective examination (GEO) and body condition score (BCS). Adult individuals of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni and Espadarana prosoblepon were captured at three sites on the Torres River in 2019 and 2021, and their GSE and BCI were determined. Organ samples and skin and cloacal swabs were analyzed using molecular tests to determine the presence of infectious agents. All animals showed BOD and BCI values within normal parameters. Bd was detected in both frog species at two sites (Finca Pizote and Parque del Este) and RV-3 in E. prosoblepon in Guadalupe. Chlamydia spp. was found in both frog species and at all three sites. The presence of Bd in H. fleischmanni, RV-3 in E. prosoblepon, and the bacteria Chlamydia spp. and Achromobacter spp. in both glass frog species was detected for the first time. Further studies are recommended to determine the presence and effect of infectious agents in amphibians in Costa Rica. E. prosoblepon is one of 15 species of glass frogs in Costa Rica that live in urban rivers exposed to contamination from organic, industrial, pharmacological, agricultural, and pesticide waste, among others. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of water pollution on the growth and development of E. prosoblepon tadpoles, as well as to detect the presence of infectious agents in them. Clusters of E. prosoblepon eggs were collected and placed in four terrariums with water from three different sites on the Torres River (T1: Finca Pizote, T2: Parque del Este, and T3: Guadalupe) and T4: with distilled water as a control. The tadpoles were observed for four months, determining every two days their behavior, swimming movements, feeding, survival, length, coloration, and Gosner stage of development. The eggs were analyzed molecularly to determine the presence of the chytrid fungus, Ranavirus 3, and Chlamydia and Brucella bacteria species. At the start of the study, an analysis of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the water at the three sites was performed. A significant difference was determined between the treatments with respect to the duration of the tadpoles' emergence from the water (H = 13.12; gl = 3; p = 0.0044). Thus, the tadpoles in T1 and T4 took more days to reach metamorphosis than those in T3 and T2 (HSD = 10.05; p < .05 and HSD = 12.46; p < .05, respectively). Terrariums T1 and T4 showed the highest survival rate of eggs until metamorphosis, and the longest duration in days of the tadpoles in the water until they began the terrestrial stage. Five of the parameters measured in the water (oxygen saturation, total sedimentable solids, fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand, and phosphates) were found to be outside the limits established for surface water at the three sampling sites, with fecal coliforms being the most uneven parameter (for T1, T2, and T3: 712 N.M.P/mL, 6870 N.M.P/mL, and 24196 N.M.P/mL, respectively). The ICA-NSF classified the water used in T1 and T2 as medium quality, while the water in T3 was found to be of poor quality. No infectious agents were detected in the egg masses, with the exception of a species of Achromobacter bacteria. It is recommended to continue investigating the effect of fecal coliforms on E. prosoblepon tadpoles and to repeat these experiments using a larger number of eggs. In addition, it is important to establish whether Achromobacter is part of the skin microbiota of urban glass frogs.
Amphibians are threatened for several reasons, one of which is emerging and reemerging diseases such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), Ranavirus 3 (RV-3), and zoonotic bacteria. The objective of this research was to detect Bd, RV-3, Chlamydia spp., and Brucella spp. in two species of glass frogs in urban areas of San José, Costa Rica, and to associate the infectious agents with the results of the general objective examination (GEO) and body condition score (BCS). Adult individuals of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni and Espadarana prosoblepon were captured at three sites on the Torres River in 2019 and 2021, and their GSE and BCI were determined. Organ samples and skin and cloacal swabs were analyzed using molecular tests to determine the presence of infectious agents. All animals showed BOD and BCI values within normal parameters. Bd was detected in both frog species at two sites (Finca Pizote and Parque del Este) and RV-3 in E. prosoblepon in Guadalupe. Chlamydia spp. was found in both frog species and at all three sites. The presence of Bd in H. fleischmanni, RV-3 in E. prosoblepon, and the bacteria Chlamydia spp. and Achromobacter spp. in both glass frog species was detected for the first time. Further studies are recommended to determine the presence and effect of infectious agents in amphibians in Costa Rica. E. prosoblepon is one of 15 species of glass frogs in Costa Rica that live in urban rivers exposed to contamination from organic, industrial, pharmacological, agricultural, and pesticide waste, among others. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of water pollution on the growth and development of E. prosoblepon tadpoles, as well as to detect the presence of infectious agents in them. Clusters of E. prosoblepon eggs were collected and placed in four terrariums with water from three different sites on the Torres River (T1: Finca Pizote, T2: Parque del Este, and T3: Guadalupe) and T4: with distilled water as a control. The tadpoles were observed for four months, determining every two days their behavior, swimming movements, feeding, survival, length, coloration, and Gosner stage of development. The eggs were analyzed molecularly to determine the presence of the chytrid fungus, Ranavirus 3, and Chlamydia and Brucella bacteria species. At the start of the study, an analysis of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the water at the three sites was performed. A significant difference was determined between the treatments with respect to the duration of the tadpoles' emergence from the water (H = 13.12; gl = 3; p = 0.0044). Thus, the tadpoles in T1 and T4 took more days to reach metamorphosis than those in T3 and T2 (HSD = 10.05; p < .05 and HSD = 12.46; p < .05, respectively). Terrariums T1 and T4 showed the highest survival rate of eggs until metamorphosis, and the longest duration in days of the tadpoles in the water until they began the terrestrial stage. Five of the parameters measured in the water (oxygen saturation, total sedimentable solids, fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand, and phosphates) were found to be outside the limits established for surface water at the three sampling sites, with fecal coliforms being the most uneven parameter (for T1, T2, and T3: 712 N.M.P/mL, 6870 N.M.P/mL, and 24196 N.M.P/mL, respectively). The ICA-NSF classified the water used in T1 and T2 as medium quality, while the water in T3 was found to be of poor quality. No infectious agents were detected in the egg masses, with the exception of a species of Achromobacter bacteria. It is recommended to continue investigating the effect of fecal coliforms on E. prosoblepon tadpoles and to repeat these experiments using a larger number of eggs. In addition, it is important to establish whether Achromobacter is part of the skin microbiota of urban glass frogs.
Descripción
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, RANA, ANFIBIOS, ANURA, ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS, CONTAMINACIÓN, FROG, AMPHIBIANS, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, POLLUTION