Diagnóstico de los agentes causales de la muerte descendente de la teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) en plantaciones comerciales de Parrita y Pococí
Fecha
2021
Autores
Delgado Mora, Robin
Valle Hidalgo, Arturo
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) es una de las especies maderables más cultivadas alrededor del mundo. Conforme la producción de cultivo maderable ha aumentado, también ha tomado relevancia una enfermedad conocida como muerte descendente de la teca, de la cual se informan niveles de incidencia del 13% en las plantaciones de teca en Costa Rica. Esta investigación se realizó en plantaciones comerciales de teca de las zonas de Parrita y Pococí, en donde se realizaron inspecciones fitosanitarias y la recolección de muestras de tejido vascular de ramas de árboles con la sintomatología de la muerte descendente. El diagnóstico de los agentes causales de la enfermedad se llevó a cabo basado en análisis morfológicos y moleculares. Asimismo, se determinó la patogenicidad de los hongos mediante los postulados de Koch y la severidad de las lesiones en árboles inoculados con los potenciales patógenos. Luego de realizar las inspecciones fitosanitarias en las plantaciones de teca, se determinaron niveles de incidencia de la enfermedad de 15.18% y 14.29% en plantaciones de Parrita. Para las plantaciones de Pococí, se encontraron niveles de incidencia de 6.63%, 9.64% y 7.83%. A partir de los aislamientos de hongos obtenidos de muestras de tejido vascular de ramas de teca, se identificaron morfológicamente hongos de la familia Botryosphaeriaceae y el análisis molecular de la región del espaciador transcrito interno (ITS) permitió identificar a Neofusicoccum parvum en una de las plantaciones de Parrita y varios hongos del género Lasiodiplodia en ambas zonas del estudio. Los aislamientos de Lasiodiplodia (Pc2 y Pc3) provenientes de Pococí, produjeron síntomas severos de necrosis y sus características fueron las mismas que las observadas en los primeros aislamientos. Para estos aislamientos el análisis molecular reportó dos posibles especies, las cuales fueron L. theobromae y L. brasiliensis. Estos permiten concluir que ambas especies son candidatas a ser los agentes causales de la muerte descendente en árboles de teca.
Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is one of the most widely cultivated timber species around the world. As timber crop production has increased, a disease known as teak dieback has also gained prominence, with reported incidence levels of 13% in teak plantations in Costa Rica. This research was carried out in commercial teak plantations in the Parrita and Pococí areas, where phytosanitary inspections and the collection of samples of vascular tissue from branches of trees with the symptoms of downward death were carried out. The diagnosis of the causal agents of the disease was carried out based on morphological and molecular analysis. Also, the pathogenicity of the fungi was determined by Koch's postulates and the severity of the lesions in trees inoculated with the potential pathogens. After conducting phytosanitary inspections in teak plantations, disease incidence levels of 15.18% and 14.29% were determined in plantations in Parrita. For the Pococí plantations, incidence levels of 6.63%, 9.64% and 7.83% were found. From fungal isolates obtained from samples of vascular tissue from teak branches, fungi of the Botryosphaeriaceae family were morphologically identified and molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region allowed the identification of Neofusicoccum parvum in one of the plantations in Parrita and several fungi of the genus Lasiodiplodia in both study areas. The Lasiodiplodia isolates (Pc2 and Pc3) from Pococí produced severe symptoms of necrosis and their characteristics were the same as those observed in the first isolates. For these isolates, molecular analysis reported two possible species, which were L. theobromae and L. brasiliensis. These allow us to conclude that both species are candidates to be the causal agents of downward death in teak trees.
Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is one of the most widely cultivated timber species around the world. As timber crop production has increased, a disease known as teak dieback has also gained prominence, with reported incidence levels of 13% in teak plantations in Costa Rica. This research was carried out in commercial teak plantations in the Parrita and Pococí areas, where phytosanitary inspections and the collection of samples of vascular tissue from branches of trees with the symptoms of downward death were carried out. The diagnosis of the causal agents of the disease was carried out based on morphological and molecular analysis. Also, the pathogenicity of the fungi was determined by Koch's postulates and the severity of the lesions in trees inoculated with the potential pathogens. After conducting phytosanitary inspections in teak plantations, disease incidence levels of 15.18% and 14.29% were determined in plantations in Parrita. For the Pococí plantations, incidence levels of 6.63%, 9.64% and 7.83% were found. From fungal isolates obtained from samples of vascular tissue from teak branches, fungi of the Botryosphaeriaceae family were morphologically identified and molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region allowed the identification of Neofusicoccum parvum in one of the plantations in Parrita and several fungi of the genus Lasiodiplodia in both study areas. The Lasiodiplodia isolates (Pc2 and Pc3) from Pococí produced severe symptoms of necrosis and their characteristics were the same as those observed in the first isolates. For these isolates, molecular analysis reported two possible species, which were L. theobromae and L. brasiliensis. These allow us to conclude that both species are candidates to be the causal agents of downward death in teak trees.
Descripción
Proyecto final de graduación para optar por el grado de Licenciatura en Ingeniería Agronómica
Palabras clave
HONGOS FITOPATÓGENOS, PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI, MADERA, WOOD, PLANTACIÓN FORESTAL, PLANTATION FOREST, ENFERMEDADES DE PLANTAS, PLANT DISEASES