Evaluación de la eficiencia del sistema alternativo de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (SATAR-UNA) en la remoción de contaminantes microbiológicos
Fecha
2021
Autores
Solís Calderón, Catalina
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Los humedales artificiales son tecnologías no convencionales para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales. En los últimos años, en el mundo se ha incrementado su implementación, debido a su
desempeño en cuanto a la capacidad de reducción de contaminantes fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que han reportado la evaluación de la viabilidad técnica-económica y la eficiencia en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. En el caso de Costa Rica, los estudios realizados se han enfocado principalmente en la remoción de contaminantes fisicoquímicos. Esta investigación tuvo como propósito evaluar la eficiencia del sistema alternativo de tratamiento de aguas residuales en la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional (SATAR-UNA) en términos de la reducción de coliformes fecales, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. y huevecillos de helmintos como indicadores de inocuidad. La cuantificación de los coliformes fecales y Escherichia coli se realizó mediante la técnica de fermentación en tubos múltiples (NMP), los huevecillos de helmintos por medio de la técnica de concentración, y en el caso de la identificación de patógenos bacterianos como Salmonella spp. y Shigella spp se realizó mediante el uso de medios de cultivos selectivos e identificación bioquímica (API® bioMerieux Francia). Los resultados indican que el SATAR UNA removió en promedio un 51.9% y 50.9% para coliformes fecales y Escherichia coli, respectivamente; Shigella spp. no fue detectada durante el periodo de estudio, mientras que Salmonella spp fue encontrada al menos una vez en los puntos de muestreo P1, P2 y P3. En el caso de los huevecillos de helmintos estos se encontraron en el rango de las dosis infecciosas en cinco puntos de muestreo. Se observó una correlación positiva entre el Nitrógeno Total Kjeldahl y los coliformes fecales, Escherichia coli. En conclusión, el sistema SATAR-UNA mostró una reducción significativa de los contaminantes microbiológicos y fisicoquímicos.
Constructed wetlands are unconventional technologies for water treatment residuals. In recent years, its implementation has increased in the world, due to its performance in terms of the ability to reduce physicochemical pollutants and microbiological. However, there are few studies that have reported the evaluation of the technical-economic feasibility and efficiency in tropical and subtropical regions. In the case of Costa Rica, the studies carried out have focused mainly on the removal of physicochemical pollutants. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the alternative wastewater treatment system at the School of Veterinary Medicine of the National University (SATAR-UNA) in terms of fecal coliform reduction, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and helminth eggs as indicators of safety. The quantification of fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli was performed by multiple tube fermentation technique (MPN), helminth eggs by means of the concentration technique, and in the case of the identification of bacterial pathogens as Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp was performed by using selective culture media and biochemical identification (API® bioMerieux France). The results indicate that SATAR UNA removed an average of 51.9% and 50.9% for fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, respectively; Shigella spp. was not detected during the study period, while Salmonella spp was found at least once at sampling points P1, P2 and P3. At case of helminth eggs these were found in the range of infectious doses at five sampling points. A positive correlation was observed between Total Nitrogen Kjeldahl and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the SATAR-UNA system showed a significant reduction in microbiological and physicochemical contaminants.
Constructed wetlands are unconventional technologies for water treatment residuals. In recent years, its implementation has increased in the world, due to its performance in terms of the ability to reduce physicochemical pollutants and microbiological. However, there are few studies that have reported the evaluation of the technical-economic feasibility and efficiency in tropical and subtropical regions. In the case of Costa Rica, the studies carried out have focused mainly on the removal of physicochemical pollutants. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the alternative wastewater treatment system at the School of Veterinary Medicine of the National University (SATAR-UNA) in terms of fecal coliform reduction, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and helminth eggs as indicators of safety. The quantification of fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli was performed by multiple tube fermentation technique (MPN), helminth eggs by means of the concentration technique, and in the case of the identification of bacterial pathogens as Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp was performed by using selective culture media and biochemical identification (API® bioMerieux France). The results indicate that SATAR UNA removed an average of 51.9% and 50.9% for fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, respectively; Shigella spp. was not detected during the study period, while Salmonella spp was found at least once at sampling points P1, P2 and P3. At case of helminth eggs these were found in the range of infectious doses at five sampling points. A positive correlation was observed between Total Nitrogen Kjeldahl and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the SATAR-UNA system showed a significant reduction in microbiological and physicochemical contaminants.
Descripción
Solís Calderón, C. (2021). Evaluación de la eficiencia del sistema alternativo de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (SATAR-UNA) en la remoción de contaminantes microbiológicos. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
HUMEDALES, AGUAS RESIDUALES, ÁNALISIS DEL AGUA, CONTAMINACION DEL AGUA, AGUAS FECALES, MANEJO AMBIENTAL, WETLANDS, SEWAGE WATER, TECNOLOGÍAS APROPIADAS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE