Proceso de duelo en cuatro familias que han experimentado la pérdida de uno de sus miembros debido al suicidio, que residen en la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica desde un enfoque de Psicología Sistémica
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Fecha
2022-04-26
Autores
Hernández Vargas, María José
Rojas Mejías, Sofía
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El suicidio es un fenómeno global que con el paso de los años ha aumentado y se ha convertido en una problemática de salud pública, pese a esto, se descubrió una carencia de abordaje en las familias de las personas que mueren por esta causa. A raíz de dicha situación, se analizó en esta investigación el proceso de duelo familiar por suicidio desde una perspectiva de la Psicología Sistémica, estudiando las estructuras, el clima emocional, la percepción de las familias sobre la experiencia de la pérdida y los sentimientos asociados al proceso de duelo y su expresión a nivel familiar. Todo esto fue con base en el enfoque estructural debido al énfasis que da en cómo se relacionan los integrantes de la familia. Este estudio partió de artículos y trabajos de graduación planteados por las disciplinas de tanatología, antropología, medicina, psiquiatría y psicología.
La investigación fue de tipo cualitativa con un diseño hermenéutico, por lo tanto, se tuvo un acercamiento e interpretación en las experiencias del proceso de duelo familiar por suicidio en cuatro familias de la GAM. La metodología consistió en cuatro entrevistas semiestructuradas compuestas por preguntas circulares, donde se creó el genograma y los mapas relacionales de cada familia, por último, se realizó un grupo de discusión. Los sistemas con los que se trabajó presentaron límites difusos, rígidos y flexibles; además, pautas transaccionales de triadas, alianza, coaliciones, poca comunicación en la familia, rivalidad, violencia, de género, religión, rotación de funciones y aglomeración; asimismo, manifestaron pautas transgeneracionales de alcoholismo, conflictos en la comunicación, muerte por suicidio y secreto familiar.
Por lo tanto, el proceso de duelo de las familias estudiadas denotó que dicho sistema fue fundamental para sobrellevar la crisis que atravesaron porque de el obtuvieron auxilio, fortaleza y bienestar. Además, se destacó que los estigmas sociales influyeron en la expresividad de las emociones, que el suicidio sigue siendo un tema tabú, por ende, se estigmatiza a las familias sobrevivientes, pues, aún existe mucha desinformación sobre lo que este duelo implica y por este motivo, son invisibilizadas. Con el análisis de este trabajo, se establecieron una serie de recomendaciones dirigidas a la Universidad Nacional, al Colegio de Profesionales en Psicología, a las familias que atraviesan este tipo de muerte, Colegio de Periodistas y futuras investigaciones para que se trabaje de manera en conjunto sobre el desconocimiento de este tema y la falta de espacios para el abordaje con esta población.
Suicide is a global phenomenon that has increased over the years and has become a public health problem, despite this, a lack of approach was discovered in the families of people who die from this cause. As a result of this situation, the process of family mourning due to suicide was analyzed in this research from a Systemic Psychology perspective, studying the structures, the emotional climate, the families' perception of the experience of loss and the feelings associated with it. grieving process and its expression at the family level. All this was based on the structural approach due to the emphasis it places on how family members relate. This study was based on articles and graduation papers proposed by the disciplines of thanatology, anthropology, medicine, psychiatry and psychology. The research was of a qualitative type with a hermeneutic design, therefore, an approach and interpretation was had in the experiences of the family mourning process due to suicide in four families of the GAM. The methodology consisted of four semi-structured interviews composed of circular questions, where the genogram and the relational maps of each family were created, finally, a discussion group was held. The systems with which we worked presented diffuse, rigid and flexible limits; in addition, transactional patterns of triads, alliance, coalitions, little communication in the family, rivalry, violence, gender, religion, rotation of functions and agglomeration; Likewise, they manifested transgenerational patterns of alcoholism, communication conflicts, death by suicide and family secrecy. Therefore, the mourning process of the families studied denoted that this system was essential to overcome the crisis they went through because they obtained help, strength and well-being from it. In addition, it was highlighted that social stigmas influenced the expressiveness of emotions, that suicide continues to be a taboo subject, therefore, surviving families are stigmatized, since there is still a lot of misinformation about what this duel implies and for this reason, they are invisible. With the analysis of this work, a series of recommendations were established for the National University, the College of Professionals in Psychology, families experiencing this type of death, the College of Journalists and future investigations so that they can work together. on the lack of knowledge of this topic and the lack of spaces for approaching this population.
Suicide is a global phenomenon that has increased over the years and has become a public health problem, despite this, a lack of approach was discovered in the families of people who die from this cause. As a result of this situation, the process of family mourning due to suicide was analyzed in this research from a Systemic Psychology perspective, studying the structures, the emotional climate, the families' perception of the experience of loss and the feelings associated with it. grieving process and its expression at the family level. All this was based on the structural approach due to the emphasis it places on how family members relate. This study was based on articles and graduation papers proposed by the disciplines of thanatology, anthropology, medicine, psychiatry and psychology. The research was of a qualitative type with a hermeneutic design, therefore, an approach and interpretation was had in the experiences of the family mourning process due to suicide in four families of the GAM. The methodology consisted of four semi-structured interviews composed of circular questions, where the genogram and the relational maps of each family were created, finally, a discussion group was held. The systems with which we worked presented diffuse, rigid and flexible limits; in addition, transactional patterns of triads, alliance, coalitions, little communication in the family, rivalry, violence, gender, religion, rotation of functions and agglomeration; Likewise, they manifested transgenerational patterns of alcoholism, communication conflicts, death by suicide and family secrecy. Therefore, the mourning process of the families studied denoted that this system was essential to overcome the crisis they went through because they obtained help, strength and well-being from it. In addition, it was highlighted that social stigmas influenced the expressiveness of emotions, that suicide continues to be a taboo subject, therefore, surviving families are stigmatized, since there is still a lot of misinformation about what this duel implies and for this reason, they are invisible. With the analysis of this work, a series of recommendations were established for the National University, the College of Professionals in Psychology, families experiencing this type of death, the College of Journalists and future investigations so that they can work together. on the lack of knowledge of this topic and the lack of spaces for approaching this population.
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Palabras clave
SAN JOSÉ (COSTA RICA), PSICOTERAPIA FAMILIAR, FAMILY PSYCHOTHERAPY, SUICIDIO, SUICIDE, DUELO, DUEL, FAMILIA, FAMILY