La capacidad competitiva de la cadena de valor del café: comparación entre micro-beneficio de café y beneficio tradicional de café, en el cantón de Turrialba, Costa Rica
Fecha
2020
Autores
Sánchez Calderón, José Antonio
Vindas Orozco, Ana Melissa
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ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Con el transcurso del tiempo, la demanda de café gourmet ha ido en aumento, lo cual
es respaldado con una mayor producción de cafés de alta calidad y cambios en la concepción
de producción y procesamiento del café. Se han generado nichos de mercados que consumen
cafés seleccionados por medio de la taza de excelencia, lo cual se ha transformado en mejores
precios para los productores de café.
Dicha diferencia en el precio de café, es la consecuencia del valor agregado generado
por los beneficiadores de café, al seleccionar lotes de café con cualidades organolépticas
ideales para mercados selectos del café. Además, se da una diferenciación en el proceso de
beneficiado del café en los micro-beneficios de café, lo cual les permite, generar el valor
agregado antes mencionado.
En el análisis se toma en cuenta los micro-beneficios de café de la zona cafetalera de
Turrialba, incorporando en la investigación micro-beneficios de café del cantón de Jiménez,
con la finalidad de tener una mejor referencia cuantitativa y cualitativa del sector. Se llegó a
esta decisión, porque hay pocos micro-beneficios de café en el cantón de Turrialba, por lo
cual, se decide utilizar la zona cafetalera de Turrialba, que abarca una mayor extensión
territorial y permite la incorporación de más micro-beneficios de café al análisis.
Asimismo, se recolectó información del Beneficio Santa Rosa, ubicado en Santa Rosa
de Turrialba; el Micro-beneficio Café Misión, ubicado en Tuis de Turrialba; el Micro beneficio La Campiña situado en la Victoria de Jiménez; el Micro-beneficio y Tostadora
Gamboa de la zona de Pejibaye de Jiménez.
La cadena de valor del café es un tema bastante discutido y tratado, sin embargo, la
presente investigación, tiene como finalidad realizar una comparación de la competitividad
de la cadena de valor de un beneficio tradicional de café y un micro-beneficio de café. En
ambos beneficios, el proceso de beneficiado cuenta con métodos y procesos distintos.
La metodología aplicada en la investigación es mixta y está comprendida por
secciones cualitativas y cuantitativas. También, se utilizan fuentes de información primarias
y secundarias, con lo cual, se desarrollan figuras y tablas que permiten realizar un análisis
cuantitativo y cualitativo de la cadena de valor de un beneficiado del café.
Entre los principales resultados arrojados en la investigación, se puede mencionar que
el beneficio de café tradicional posee una mecanización de todo el proceso, mientras, que los
micro-beneficios analizados desarrollan las labores de una forma manual y artesanalmente.
El beneficio de café tradicional desarrolla una estrategia competitiva de economías
de escala, y un amplio liderazgo de costos, permitiéndole vender el producto final a un menor
precio. Por su parte, los micro-beneficios de café obtuvieron precios de venta final más altos
que el beneficio de café tradicional, lo cual se achaca a la estrategia de diferenciación de
manejar el café por lotes y vender una mejor calidad.
Los micro-beneficios de cafés analizados desarrollan el proceso de secado de café
mediante camas africanas o en patios al sol, mientras, que el beneficio de café tradicional, lo
realiza por medio de un sistema mecanizado con hornos que emanan calor.
El beneficio de café tradicional no realiza una distinción de la altura del café
cosechado, la calidad, ni de la variedad de café; en oposición al micro-beneficio, que síIX
procesa el grano mediante lotes de café, los cuales, en ningún momento del proceso de
industrialización, se mezclan los lotes de café.
Normalmente las ventas de café del beneficio de café tradicional se realizan, según el
precio internacional de café, mientras, que las ventas de los micro-beneficios de café se llevan
a cabo mediante cataciones de café realizadas por expertos.
No se encontraron cooperativas ni asociaciones relacionadas con la actividad
cafetalera de Turrialba, dado que no había a la fecha en que se realizó la investigación. Lo
cual genera limitaciones a los productores, al no estar articulados con metas y planes
cafetaleros en conjunto, además de forma individual obtener acceso a la información es más
difícil, contrario sería si estuvieran organizados.
En síntesis, para los pequeños y medianos productores de café de la zona cafetalera
de Turrialba, la creación de micro-beneficios es una alternativa económicamente interesante
y con lo cual, se desarrollaría la actividad y obtendrían mayor valor agregado, además,
podrían disfrutar de las ventajas competitivas de beneficiar su propio café
Over time, the demand for gourmet coffee has been increasing, which is supported by increased production of high-quality coffees and changes in conception of coffee production and processing. Market niches have been created that consume coffees selected through the cup of excellence, which has been transformed into better prices for coffee producers. This difference in the price of coffee is the consequence of the added value generated by coffee processors, when selecting lots of coffee with organoleptic qualities ideal for select coffee markets. In addition, there is a differentiation in the process of benefited from coffee in the coffee micro-benefits, which allows them to generate the value aforementioned addition. The analysis takes into account the micro-benefits of coffee from the coffee growing area of Turrialba, incorporating micro-benefits of coffee from the canton of Jiménez into the research, in order to have a better quantitative and qualitative reference for the sector. It came to this decision, because there are few coffee micro-mills in the canton of Turrialba, so which, it is decided to use the Turrialba coffee zone, which covers a greater extension territorial and allows the incorporation of more micro-benefits of coffee to the analysis. Likewise, information was collected from the Santa Rosa Benefit, located in Santa Rosa of Turrialba; the Café Misión Micro-benefit, located in Tuis de Turrialba; the La Campiña Micro benefit located in Victoria de Jiménez; the Micro-benefit and Toaster Gamboa from the Pejibaye de Jiménez area. The coffee value chain is a subject that is widely discussed and discussed, however, the This research aims to make a comparison of competitiveness of the value chain of a traditional coffee mill and a coffee micro-mill. On both benefits, the beneficiation process has different methods and processes. The methodology applied in the research is mixed and is comprised of qualitative and quantitative sections. Also, primary sources of information are used and secondary, with which, figures and tables are developed that allow an analysis quantitative and qualitative of the value chain of a coffee beneficiary. Among the main results of the research, it can be mentioned that the traditional coffee mill has a mechanization of the entire process, while the micro-benefits analyzed develop the tasks in a manual and artisanal way. The traditional coffee mill develops a competitive strategy of economies scale, and broad cost leadership, allowing you to sell the final product at a lower cost price. For their part, coffee micro-mills obtained higher final sale prices than the traditional coffee mill, which is attributed to the differentiation strategy of handle the coffee in batches and sell better quality. The micro-benefits of analyzed coffees develop the coffee drying process through African beds or in patios in the sun, while the benefit of traditional coffee, carried out by means of a mechanized system with ovens that emit heat. The traditional coffee mill does not make a distinction of the height of the coffee harvested, the quality, or the variety of coffee; as opposed to micro-benefit, yes processes the grain through batches of coffee, which, at no time during the industrialization, lots of coffee are mixed. Normally the coffee sales of the traditional coffee mill are made, according to the international price of coffee, while the sales of coffee micro-benefits take carried out by expert coffee tastings. No cooperatives or associations related to the activity were found Turrialba coffee plantation, since there were none at the time the investigation was carried out. It which generates limitations for producers, as they are not articulated with goals and plans coffee growers as a whole, in addition to individually obtaining access to information is more difficult, otherwise it would be if they were organized. In short, for small and medium coffee producers in the coffee growing area Turrialba, the creation of micro-benefits is an economically interesting alternative and with which, the activity would be developed and they would obtain greater added value, in addition, they could enjoy the competitive advantages of benefiting their own coffee.
Over time, the demand for gourmet coffee has been increasing, which is supported by increased production of high-quality coffees and changes in conception of coffee production and processing. Market niches have been created that consume coffees selected through the cup of excellence, which has been transformed into better prices for coffee producers. This difference in the price of coffee is the consequence of the added value generated by coffee processors, when selecting lots of coffee with organoleptic qualities ideal for select coffee markets. In addition, there is a differentiation in the process of benefited from coffee in the coffee micro-benefits, which allows them to generate the value aforementioned addition. The analysis takes into account the micro-benefits of coffee from the coffee growing area of Turrialba, incorporating micro-benefits of coffee from the canton of Jiménez into the research, in order to have a better quantitative and qualitative reference for the sector. It came to this decision, because there are few coffee micro-mills in the canton of Turrialba, so which, it is decided to use the Turrialba coffee zone, which covers a greater extension territorial and allows the incorporation of more micro-benefits of coffee to the analysis. Likewise, information was collected from the Santa Rosa Benefit, located in Santa Rosa of Turrialba; the Café Misión Micro-benefit, located in Tuis de Turrialba; the La Campiña Micro benefit located in Victoria de Jiménez; the Micro-benefit and Toaster Gamboa from the Pejibaye de Jiménez area. The coffee value chain is a subject that is widely discussed and discussed, however, the This research aims to make a comparison of competitiveness of the value chain of a traditional coffee mill and a coffee micro-mill. On both benefits, the beneficiation process has different methods and processes. The methodology applied in the research is mixed and is comprised of qualitative and quantitative sections. Also, primary sources of information are used and secondary, with which, figures and tables are developed that allow an analysis quantitative and qualitative of the value chain of a coffee beneficiary. Among the main results of the research, it can be mentioned that the traditional coffee mill has a mechanization of the entire process, while the micro-benefits analyzed develop the tasks in a manual and artisanal way. The traditional coffee mill develops a competitive strategy of economies scale, and broad cost leadership, allowing you to sell the final product at a lower cost price. For their part, coffee micro-mills obtained higher final sale prices than the traditional coffee mill, which is attributed to the differentiation strategy of handle the coffee in batches and sell better quality. The micro-benefits of analyzed coffees develop the coffee drying process through African beds or in patios in the sun, while the benefit of traditional coffee, carried out by means of a mechanized system with ovens that emit heat. The traditional coffee mill does not make a distinction of the height of the coffee harvested, the quality, or the variety of coffee; as opposed to micro-benefit, yes processes the grain through batches of coffee, which, at no time during the industrialization, lots of coffee are mixed. Normally the coffee sales of the traditional coffee mill are made, according to the international price of coffee, while the sales of coffee micro-benefits take carried out by expert coffee tastings. No cooperatives or associations related to the activity were found Turrialba coffee plantation, since there were none at the time the investigation was carried out. It which generates limitations for producers, as they are not articulated with goals and plans coffee growers as a whole, in addition to individually obtaining access to information is more difficult, otherwise it would be if they were organized. In short, for small and medium coffee producers in the coffee growing area Turrialba, the creation of micro-benefits is an economically interesting alternative and with which, the activity would be developed and they would obtain greater added value, in addition, they could enjoy the competitive advantages of benefiting their own coffee.
Descripción
Palabras clave
TURRIALBA (CARTAGO), COMPETITIVIDAD, COMPETITIVENESS, INDUSTRIA CAFETALERA, COFFEE INDUSTRY, CAFÉ, COFFEE, CAFICULTORES, COFFEE GROWERS, COSTA RICA, CADENA DE VALOR, VALUE CHAIN