Aportes ecofeministas para una lectura crítica de los derechos humanos en México
Fecha
2020
Autores
Schenerock, Angélica
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En los últimos 25 años, el sistema internacional de los derechos humanos se ha fortalecido y sus instrumentos han sido firmados y ratificados por casi todos los países de América Latina, entre ellos, México. Al mismo tiempo, durante este mismo período, en especial en el transcurso de los años de 2006-2018, la defensa de los derechos humanos ha sido asumida por diferentes sectores sociales que, a título individual o colectivo, se han organizado y expresado su indignación y protesta frente a las intensas y diversas violencias perpetradas por el Estado, las empresas, el crimen organizado y el narcotráfico, que asolan el país en el dolor, terror y aturdimiento. Bajo la consigna de “Fue el Estado”, enarbolada por varios movimientos sociales mexicanos, en especial el activismo frente a las personas desaparecidas era evidente que nos encontrábamos frente a un Estado criminal, omiso en sus responsabilidades por la defensa de los derechos humanos y que persigue y mata a quiénes los defiende.
Este contexto de violencia se inscribe en el marco de las políticas extractivistas que, como expresión de la economía basada en el saqueo y despojo territoriales, se ha intensificado de tal manera que representa una gran crisis sistémica, que peligra la continuidad de todas las formas de vida en el planeta. La violencia generalizada hacia seres humanos, en particular hacia las mujeres, se entreteje con la violencia generalizada hacia la naturaleza. Ambas tienen su matriz en el sistema capitalista, cuyas raíces se encuentran en el colonialismo construido a partir de la conquista ibérica del continente americano, y cuyo asiento se encuentra en este sistema mucho más antiguo que es el sistema patriarcal.
Frente a este contexto, la pregunta que orienta el presente proyecto indaga sobre ¿qué aportes podemos ofrecer, desde el ecofeminismo, que nos permitan una crítica a la instrumentalización de los derechos humanos y que abonen a una práctica realmente contestataria, en la cual la justicia y la dignidad de la vida humana y de la naturaleza estén en el centro?
Para responderla, el presente proyecto se organiza en tres apartados. En el primero, presento el problema de dio origen a la presente investigación, su justificación y antecedentes. Argumento que las violencias hacia las mujeres y la naturaleza en México tienen una misma matriz y evidencio las limitaciones del marco legal y político de los derechos humanos para hacerle frente. La pertinencia de este análisis se justifica debido a que las transformaciones ocurridas en México a raíz de su subordinación a los intereses hegemónicos capitalistas neoliberales han derivado en la instrumentalización de los derechos humanos: en lugar de cumplir con el mandato de proteger, promover y garantizar los derechos, el Estado se ha configurado como uno de sus principales violadores.
El marco teórico que sostiene la investigación consiste en el ecofeminismo latinoamericano, cuyos aportes para la construcción de la justicia social y ambiental permite contrarrestar la violencia hacia las mujeres y la naturaleza. Además, representa una alternativa a la teoría y práctica de los derechos humanos que han sido instrumentalizados por el Estado. Su propuesta se orienta hacia la autonomía de los pueblos frente al Estado y frente las perspectivas hegemónicas de derechos humanos.
En el tercer y último apartado presento una propuesta de metodología de taller que, desde la educación popular con perspectiva política feminista, fomenta una reflexión sobre las violencias y la dominación de las mujeres y la naturaleza bajo el sistema patriarcal capitalista. Desde los postulados ecofeministas, el taller posibilita la exploración de otros discursos y prácticas, más contestatarios y antagónicos al Estado.
Juntos, estos tres apartados buscan fortalecer la perspectiva crítica de los derechos humanos a partir de los postulados ecofeministas, a modo de construir pensamientos que vigorizan las prácticas antagónicas al sistema, así como otros horizontes de lucha que permiten avanzar hacia la justicia social y ambiental.
In the last 25 years, the international human rights system has been strengthened and its instruments have been signed and ratified by almost all Latin American countries, including Mexico. At the same time, during this same period, especially in the course of the years 2006-2018, the defense of human rights has been assumed by different social sectors that, individually or collectively, have organized and expressed their indignation and protest against the intense and diverse violence perpetrated by the State, corporations, organized crime and drug trafficking, which plague the country in pain, terror and stunned. Under the slogan "It was the State", raised by several Mexican social movements, especially the activism against the disappeared persons, it was evident that we were facing a criminal State, which ignored its responsibilities for the defense of human rights, and which persecutes and kills those who defend them. This context of violence is part of the framework of extractivist policies which, as an expression of the economy based on territorial plundering and dispossession, has intensified in such a way that it represents a great systemic crisis, endangering the continuity of all forms of life on the planet. Widespread violence against human beings, particularly women, is intertwined with widespread violence against nature. Both have their matrix in the capitalist system, whose roots are to be found in the colonialism built from the Iberian conquest of the American continent, and whose seat is found in the much older patriarchal system. Faced with this context, the question that guides the present project asks what contributions can we offer, from ecofeminism, that allow us to critique the instrumentalization of human rights and that contribute to a truly contentious practice, in which justice and the dignity of human life and nature are at the center? To answer this question, the present project is organized in three sections. In the first, I present the problem that gave rise to this research, its justification and background. I argue that violence against women and nature in Mexico have the same matrix and show the limitations of the legal and political framework of human rights to address it. The relevance of this analysis is justified because the transformations that have occurred in Mexico as a result of its subordination to neoliberal capitalist hegemonic interests have led to the instrumentalization of human rights: instead of fulfilling its mandate to protect, promote and guarantee rights, the State has become one of their main violators. The theoretical framework that sustains the research consists of Latin American ecofeminism, whose contributions to the construction of social and environmental justice allow counteracting violence against women and nature. It also represents an alternative to the theory and practice of human rights that have been instrumentalized by the State. Its proposal is oriented towards the autonomy of peoples vis-à-vis the State and the hegemonic perspectives of human rights. In the third and last section I present a workshop methodology proposal that, from popular education with a feminist political perspective, promotes a reflection on violence and domination of women and nature under the patriarchal capitalist system. From the ecofeminist postulates, the workshop enables the exploration of other discourses and practices, more contentious and antagonistic to the State. Together, these three sections seek to strengthen the critical perspective of human rights from ecofeminist postulates, in order to build thoughts that invigorate antagonistic practices to the system, as well as other horizons of struggle that allow progress towards social and environmental justice.
In the last 25 years, the international human rights system has been strengthened and its instruments have been signed and ratified by almost all Latin American countries, including Mexico. At the same time, during this same period, especially in the course of the years 2006-2018, the defense of human rights has been assumed by different social sectors that, individually or collectively, have organized and expressed their indignation and protest against the intense and diverse violence perpetrated by the State, corporations, organized crime and drug trafficking, which plague the country in pain, terror and stunned. Under the slogan "It was the State", raised by several Mexican social movements, especially the activism against the disappeared persons, it was evident that we were facing a criminal State, which ignored its responsibilities for the defense of human rights, and which persecutes and kills those who defend them. This context of violence is part of the framework of extractivist policies which, as an expression of the economy based on territorial plundering and dispossession, has intensified in such a way that it represents a great systemic crisis, endangering the continuity of all forms of life on the planet. Widespread violence against human beings, particularly women, is intertwined with widespread violence against nature. Both have their matrix in the capitalist system, whose roots are to be found in the colonialism built from the Iberian conquest of the American continent, and whose seat is found in the much older patriarchal system. Faced with this context, the question that guides the present project asks what contributions can we offer, from ecofeminism, that allow us to critique the instrumentalization of human rights and that contribute to a truly contentious practice, in which justice and the dignity of human life and nature are at the center? To answer this question, the present project is organized in three sections. In the first, I present the problem that gave rise to this research, its justification and background. I argue that violence against women and nature in Mexico have the same matrix and show the limitations of the legal and political framework of human rights to address it. The relevance of this analysis is justified because the transformations that have occurred in Mexico as a result of its subordination to neoliberal capitalist hegemonic interests have led to the instrumentalization of human rights: instead of fulfilling its mandate to protect, promote and guarantee rights, the State has become one of their main violators. The theoretical framework that sustains the research consists of Latin American ecofeminism, whose contributions to the construction of social and environmental justice allow counteracting violence against women and nature. It also represents an alternative to the theory and practice of human rights that have been instrumentalized by the State. Its proposal is oriented towards the autonomy of peoples vis-à-vis the State and the hegemonic perspectives of human rights. In the third and last section I present a workshop methodology proposal that, from popular education with a feminist political perspective, promotes a reflection on violence and domination of women and nature under the patriarchal capitalist system. From the ecofeminist postulates, the workshop enables the exploration of other discourses and practices, more contentious and antagonistic to the State. Together, these three sections seek to strengthen the critical perspective of human rights from ecofeminist postulates, in order to build thoughts that invigorate antagonistic practices to the system, as well as other horizons of struggle that allow progress towards social and environmental justice.
Descripción
Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos. Maestría en Derechos Humanos y Educación para la Paz
Palabras clave
DERECHOS HUMANOS, VIOLENCIA CONTRA LAS MUJERES, PATRIARCADO, FEMINISMO, MÉXICO, HUMAN RIGHTS, VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, PATRIARCHY, FEMINISM