Caracterización hidrogeoquímica de los acuíferos volcánicos Bar va y Colima en el Valle Central de Costa Rica
Fecha
2016
Autores
Madrigal-Solís, Helga
Fonseca-Sánchez, Alicia
Reynolds-Vargas, Jenny
Título de la revista
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Editor
Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Tecnología y ciencias del agua
Resumen
La composición química del agua subterránea está
determinada por procesos antropogénicos y por interacciones
con el material geológico que conforma el acuífero. El presente
estudio describe la caracterización hidrogeoquímica de los
acuíferos volcánicos Barva y Colima, en el Valle Central
de Costa Rica, con el fin de ampliar el conocimiento acerca
de las interacciones entre ambos acuíferos y determinar si
hay alguna evolución desde las zonas altas hasta las más
bajas del acuífero Barva. Se realizaron de 1 a 9 campañas
de muestreo en 51 sitios entre los años 2002 y 2004, y se
analizaron los nitratos e iones mayoritarios. Las aguas del
Barva y Colima se clasificaron como del tipo bicarbonatada
mixta, con excepción de un sitio. Se encontró un aumento
de bicarbonatos, cloruros, calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio
desde las partes altas hasta las partes bajas del acuífero
Barva, probablemente por procesos de disolución natural de
las rocas y lixiviación de iones provenientes de actividades
antropogénicas. En el caso de los nitratos, se encontró una
mediana de 0.2 mg/l de NO3
-N en el sector de mayor altitud,
mientras que en las partes de altitud mediana y baja, las
medianas aumentaron a 3.6 y 5.3 mg/l, respectivamente. Sin
embargo, el sector al suroeste de la zona de estudio presentó
un aumento únicamente en bicarbonatos y sodio con
respecto a la zona de menor altitud del acuífero Barva y, por
el contrario, se encontraron concentraciones relativamente
bajas de nitratos, con una mediana de 1.1 mg/l de NO3
-N.
En comparación con el acuífero Barva, el Colima presentó
concentraciones más bajas de nitratos en sitios sobreyacidos
por el acuífero Barva, por lo que se concluye que los nitratos
provenientes de fuentes antrópicas son diluidos en este
acuífero antes de su posible percolación hacia el Colima. Se
recomienda mantener programas de monitoreo permanentes
para evaluar posibles aumentos en las concentraciones de
nitratos en ambos acuífero
Anthropogenic processes and interactions with the geologic material in the aquifers determine the chemical composition of groundwater. This study describes the hydrogeochemical characterization of Barva and Colima volcanic aquifers in the Central Valley of Costa Rica, to contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the two aquifers and determine whether there is a chemical evolution from the upper to the lower sections of Barva aquifer. During 2002- 2004, from one to 9 sampling campaigns were performed in 51 locations and, nitrates and major ions were analyzed. The waters of the Barva and Colima were of mixed Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3 type, except for one site. An increase in bicarbonates, chlorides, nitrates, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium was found from the highlands to the lowlands of Barva aquifer, probably due to natural dissolution of rocks and leaching of ions from anthropogenic activities. In terms of nitrates, the highlands showed a median of 0.2 mg/l of NO3 -N, while in the midlands and lowlands the median concentrations increased to 3.6 and 5.3 mg/l, respectively. However, the southwestern region in the study area showed an increased in HCO3 - and Na+ ions solely and lower nitrates concentrations with respect to the lowlands of Barva aquifer, with a median of 1.1 mg/l of NO3 -N. Compared to the Barva aquifer, the Colima presented lower concentrations of nitrates in locations overlain by Barva aquifer, since nitrates from anthropogenic sources are diluted in this aquifer before their possible percolation into Colima aquifer. It is recommended ongoing monitoring programs to assess potential increases in nitrate concentrations in both aquifers.
Anthropogenic processes and interactions with the geologic material in the aquifers determine the chemical composition of groundwater. This study describes the hydrogeochemical characterization of Barva and Colima volcanic aquifers in the Central Valley of Costa Rica, to contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the two aquifers and determine whether there is a chemical evolution from the upper to the lower sections of Barva aquifer. During 2002- 2004, from one to 9 sampling campaigns were performed in 51 locations and, nitrates and major ions were analyzed. The waters of the Barva and Colima were of mixed Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3 type, except for one site. An increase in bicarbonates, chlorides, nitrates, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium was found from the highlands to the lowlands of Barva aquifer, probably due to natural dissolution of rocks and leaching of ions from anthropogenic activities. In terms of nitrates, the highlands showed a median of 0.2 mg/l of NO3 -N, while in the midlands and lowlands the median concentrations increased to 3.6 and 5.3 mg/l, respectively. However, the southwestern region in the study area showed an increased in HCO3 - and Na+ ions solely and lower nitrates concentrations with respect to the lowlands of Barva aquifer, with a median of 1.1 mg/l of NO3 -N. Compared to the Barva aquifer, the Colima presented lower concentrations of nitrates in locations overlain by Barva aquifer, since nitrates from anthropogenic sources are diluted in this aquifer before their possible percolation into Colima aquifer. It is recommended ongoing monitoring programs to assess potential increases in nitrate concentrations in both aquifers.
Descripción
Palabras clave
ACUÍFEROS, HIDROLOGÍA, AGUAS SUBTERRÁNEAS, NITRATOS, AQUIFERS, HYDROLOGY, GEOQUÍMICA