Procesos de transformación urbana y producción del espacio público del casco central de San José: Las disputas entre el modelo de gobernanza urbana y las experiencias metropolitanas de un grupo de personas vendedoras ambulantes no patentadas, 2022-2023
Fecha
2025-03-28
Autores
Lanza Castillo, Claudia Michelle
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente trabajo titulado “Procesos de transformación urbana y producción del espacio público del casco central de San José: Las disputas entre el modelo de gobernanza urbana y las experiencias metropolitanas de un grupo de personas vendedoras ambulantes no patentadas, 2022-2023” expone los principales cambios que experimenta el centro de la ciudad, y como estos, provocados por los intereses financieros de un grupo de actores institucionales, inciden en las dinámicas socioespaciales de un grupo de personas vendedoras ambulantes no patentadas. En estas dinámicas la persona investigadora también fue participante. El espacio público del casco central de San José organiza la vida urbana, pero también es un lugar político y social para los estratos económicos de mayores ingresos. El interés que surge de la gobernanza urbana provoca procesos de transformación urbana en la producción del espacio público y la conformación de la ciudad, ya que predomina una visión arquitectónica urbanística en beneficio de intereses individuales. Estas estrategias reconfiguran las interacciones de la vida cotidiana, ya que las reinventan y priorizan la circulación y acumulación de capital inmobiliario, empresarial y tecnológico. En esta investigación se analizó la ciudad de San José desde la perspectiva de las personas vendedoras ambulantes no patentadas, con un enfoque en cómo la producción y gestión del espacio público impacta sus condiciones de vida y trabajo. Se aborda cómo las políticas urbanas impulsadas por la Municipalidad de San José, centradas en la modernización, el orden y la competitividad, afectan la apropiación del espacio público y contribuyen a la marginalización de estas personas. Además, se examinan las relaciones de poder, la criminalización y la exclusión social que enfrentan las personas vendedoras ambulantes, así como las dinámicas de resistencia que desarrollan para sobrevivir y hacer frente a las condiciones impuestas por las autoridades. Se destaca también la forma en que estas personas crean vínculos afectivos y comunitarios en el espacio urbano, transformando el espacio público en un lugar de resistencia y socialización frente a los intentos de privatización y mercantilización del espacio. Este modelo de gobernanza urbana ejecutado por un grupo de actores institucionales del aparato administrativo-político del casco central de San José de manera mediada por ideales empresarialistas causa afectaciones físicas, psicológicas, sociales y económicas a un grupo de personas vendedoras ambulantes no patentadas. Esta población experimenta rechazos por transeúntes y ciudadanía en general, así como un constante acoso, persecución policial, operativos, decomisos y discursos despectivos en redes sociales de la Municipalidad de San José. La investigación también enfatiza en las dinámicas socioespaciales de las ventas ambulantes no patentada que están cargadas de diversos conocimientos que les permite situarse, no solo como comerciantes, sino como seres sociales que crean lazos los cuales les permite describir lo cotidiano de los espacios públicos en su inmediatez, así como, presenciar las consecuencias de una compleja planificación urbana. Se desarrolla una conexión profunda con el objeto de estudio al vincular la autoetnografía con el ambulantaje para dar cuenta de una serie de corpo-subjetividades que son compartidas con la persona investigadora-participante entre un grupo de personas vendedoras ambulantes no patentadas. A través de la autoetnografía se refleja la experiencia con la ciudad, las vivencias desde el oficio, y a su vez, simbolizan las luchas y los desafíos que se desglosan en recuerdos, emociones, sentimientos y denuncias al permanecer y resistir en el espacio público. La autoetnografía como proceso y producto da lugar a la emocionalidad y la subjetividad para validar el sentido de las circunstancias de "vender en la calle". En este sentido, yace una narrativa entre la experiencia personal y los patrones de la experiencia cultural a partir de los valores sociales cotidianos y significados simbólicos de la vida urbana. Por tanto, de manera complementaria se comparten fotografías, recuerdos de distintos sucesos y se reconstruyen las vivencias en torno al proceso de ocupación del espacio público desde la perspectiva de un oficio y un modo de vida.
This paper, entitled "Urban Transformation Processes and the Production of Public Space in San José's Downtown: Disputes between the Urban Governance Model and the Metropolitan Experiences of a Group of Unlicensed Street Vendors, 2022-2023," exposes the main changes experienced by the city center and how these, caused by the financial interests of a group of institutional actors, impact the socio-spatial dynamics of a group of unlicensed street vendors. The researcher was also a participant in these dynamics. The public space in San José's downtown organizes urban life, but it is also a political and social space for the higher-income economic strata. The interest that arises from urban governance provokes processes of urban transformation in the production of public space and the formation of the city, as an urban architectural vision predominates, benefiting individual interests. These strategies reconfigure the interactions of everyday life, reinventing them and prioritizing the circulation and accumulation of real estate, business, and technological capital. This research analyzes the city of San José from the perspective of unlicensed street vendors, focusing on how the production and management of public space impacts their living and working conditions. It addresses how urban policies promoted by the Municipality of San José, focused on modernization, order, and competitiveness, affect the appropriation of public space and contribute to their marginalization. It also examines the power relations, criminalization, and social exclusion faced by street vendors, as well as the dynamics of resistance they develop to survive and cope with the conditions imposed by the authorities. It also highlights how these vendors create emotional and community ties in urban space, transforming public space into a site of resistance and socialization in the face of attempts to privatize and commodify it. This urban governance model, implemented by a group of institutional actors from the administrative-political apparatus of San José's downtown area, mediated by entrepreneurial ideals, causes physical, psychological, social, and economic impacts on a group of unlicensed street vendors. This population experiences rejection by passersby and the general public, as well as constant harassment, police persecution, operations, seizures, and derogatory discourse on social media by the San José Municipality. The research also emphasizes the socio-spatial dynamics of unlicensed street vendors, who are loaded with diverse knowledge that allows them to position themselves not only as merchants but as social beings who create ties that allow them to describe the everyday life of public spaces in their immediacy, as well as witness the consequences of complex urban planning. A deep connection with the object of study is developed by linking autoethnography with street vending to account for a series of corpo-subjectivities shared by the researcher-participant among a group of unlicensed street vendors. Through autoethnography, the experience with the city and the experiences from the trade are reflected, and in turn, symbolizes the struggles and challenges that are broken down into memories, emotions, feelings, and complaints about remaining and resisting in public spaces. Autoethnography, as a process and product, gives rise to emotionality and subjectivity to validate the meaning of the circumstances of "selling on the street." In this sense, a narrative lies between personal experience and the patterns of cultural experience based on everyday social values and symbolic meanings of urban life. Therefore, in a complementary manner, photographs and memories of various events are shared, and experiences surrounding the occupation of public space are reconstructed from the perspective of a profession and a way of life.
This paper, entitled "Urban Transformation Processes and the Production of Public Space in San José's Downtown: Disputes between the Urban Governance Model and the Metropolitan Experiences of a Group of Unlicensed Street Vendors, 2022-2023," exposes the main changes experienced by the city center and how these, caused by the financial interests of a group of institutional actors, impact the socio-spatial dynamics of a group of unlicensed street vendors. The researcher was also a participant in these dynamics. The public space in San José's downtown organizes urban life, but it is also a political and social space for the higher-income economic strata. The interest that arises from urban governance provokes processes of urban transformation in the production of public space and the formation of the city, as an urban architectural vision predominates, benefiting individual interests. These strategies reconfigure the interactions of everyday life, reinventing them and prioritizing the circulation and accumulation of real estate, business, and technological capital. This research analyzes the city of San José from the perspective of unlicensed street vendors, focusing on how the production and management of public space impacts their living and working conditions. It addresses how urban policies promoted by the Municipality of San José, focused on modernization, order, and competitiveness, affect the appropriation of public space and contribute to their marginalization. It also examines the power relations, criminalization, and social exclusion faced by street vendors, as well as the dynamics of resistance they develop to survive and cope with the conditions imposed by the authorities. It also highlights how these vendors create emotional and community ties in urban space, transforming public space into a site of resistance and socialization in the face of attempts to privatize and commodify it. This urban governance model, implemented by a group of institutional actors from the administrative-political apparatus of San José's downtown area, mediated by entrepreneurial ideals, causes physical, psychological, social, and economic impacts on a group of unlicensed street vendors. This population experiences rejection by passersby and the general public, as well as constant harassment, police persecution, operations, seizures, and derogatory discourse on social media by the San José Municipality. The research also emphasizes the socio-spatial dynamics of unlicensed street vendors, who are loaded with diverse knowledge that allows them to position themselves not only as merchants but as social beings who create ties that allow them to describe the everyday life of public spaces in their immediacy, as well as witness the consequences of complex urban planning. A deep connection with the object of study is developed by linking autoethnography with street vending to account for a series of corpo-subjectivities shared by the researcher-participant among a group of unlicensed street vendors. Through autoethnography, the experience with the city and the experiences from the trade are reflected, and in turn, symbolizes the struggles and challenges that are broken down into memories, emotions, feelings, and complaints about remaining and resisting in public spaces. Autoethnography, as a process and product, gives rise to emotionality and subjectivity to validate the meaning of the circumstances of "selling on the street." In this sense, a narrative lies between personal experience and the patterns of cultural experience based on everyday social values and symbolic meanings of urban life. Therefore, in a complementary manner, photographs and memories of various events are shared, and experiences surrounding the occupation of public space are reconstructed from the perspective of a profession and a way of life.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Sociología
Palabras clave
PLANIFICACIÓN URBANA, URBAN PLANNING, POLÍTICA URBANA, URBAN POLICY, SOCIOLOGÍA URBANA, URBAN SOCIOLOGY, VIDA COTIDIANA, DAILY LIFE, VENDEDORES AMBULANTES, STREET VENDORS