Incidencia del clima de atracción de inversión extranjera directa (IED) en las inversiones taiwanesas en Costa Rica: 1991-2004
Fecha
2006
Autores
Hong On, Rose Mary
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los países, especialmente los de menor desarrollo relativo, ante la necesidad de contar con más divisas como fuente de financiamiento para los desequilibrios en la cuenta corriente de la balanza de pagos, de complementar el ahorro interno con el ahorro externo y de consolidar sus estrategias para la inserción internacional, compiten por ofrecer el mejor clima de negocios para la mayor atracción posible de IED, en un ambiente cada vez más complejo y difícil. La IED interesa por la función que desempeña para acelerar el crecimiento y la transformación de la economía; y, sobre todo, por la manifestación de su carácter estable durante las crisis financieras. A partir de 1998, Costa Rica define una estrategia nacional con el fin de coordinar la atracción de IED, de lograr una mejor inserción en el mercado internacional y de mejorar su situación macroeconómica. En ese sentido, opta por una estrategia basada en actividades de uso intensivo de recursos humanos calificados y en resaltar ciertas ventajas del país, como son: su estabilidad política y social. No obstante, a pesar de haber logrado significativas inversiones en electrónica, en dispositivos médicos y en servicios, aún falta mucho por ampliar y mejorar. Ha captado inversiones dedicadas a la maquila de productos de electrónica, sin obtener el valor agregado local deseado, ni la transferencia tecnológica siempre mencionada; lo que limita, en consecuencia, los encadenamientos productivos nacionales y el posible efecto multiplicador de sus actividades. En el mundo, Taiwán es un exitoso modelo de desarrollo económico, comercial, industrial y tecnológico, un poderoso actor financiero y una posible fuente de IED por su gran capacidad inversora e importadora. Pero, lamentablemente, el Clima costarricense de atracción de IED, como parte de la estrategia en la materia, ha incidido tímidamente en la atracción y conservación de las IED provenientes de Taiwán, a pesar de los mayores esfuerzos del gobierno de Taiwán por incentivar y apoyarlas. La política gubernamental costarricense no ha respondido adecuadamente a las condiciones que permitan mantener los niveles de competitividad a las empresas taiwanesas, cuya sensibilidad se traduce en una respuesta de menor presencia de sus inversiones. Costa Rica por su parte, presenta mayor vulnerabilidad en la atracción de IED, por la existencia de otros competidores en el mercado internacional como los países centroamericanos que ofrecen los mismos incentivos y otros factores relacionados con la atracción de inversiones. Las mejoras en la infraestructura y en la calidad institucional, no solamente representan un incentivo adicional para las empresas de capital extranjero, sino un beneficio a las de capital nacional y, en su conjunto, a toda la sociedad. Asimismo, en cuanto a la Organización estratégica, que tiende a ser unipolar por la preferencia hacia su principal socio comercial, conviene diversificar el origen de las inversiones, prestando mayor atención e interés hacia los otros socios comerciales de considerable importancia en el escenario internacional, como es el caso de Taiwán; y lograr reducir los potenciales riesgos políticos y económicos que significa una fuerte dependencia hacia una sola economía mundial.
The countries, especially those with a lower relative development, facing the need to be provided with more foreign currencies as financing sources for the imbalances in the checking account of the balance of payments, facing the need to complement domestic saving with external saving and the need to consolidate their strategies for international insertion, compete in offering the best business climate for the biggest possible attraction of FDI, in a growingly complex and difficult ambience. FDI is of interest because of the role it plays in the acceleration of growth and in the transformation of economy and, especially, because of the manifestation of its stable character during financial crises. Starting in 1998, Costa Rica defines a national strategy in order to coordinate the attraction of FDI, to achieve a better insertion in the international market and to improve its macroeconomic situation. In this sense, it chooses a strategy based on activities of intensive use of qualified human resources and on stressing certain ad vantages of the country, such as its political and social stability, Nevertheless, in spite of the attainment of significant investments in electronics, medical devices and services, much is still to be extended and improved. It has always received investments dedicated to the manufacture of electronic products, without obtaining the expected local added value or the always-mentioned technological transference. This, consequently, restricts its national productive connections and the possible multiplying effect of its activities. In the world, Taiwan is a successful model of economic, commercial, industrial and technological development, a powerful financial actor and a possible source of FDI due to its large investing and importing capacity. But, regrettably, the Costa Rican FDI-attraction climate, as part of the strategy in the matter, has timidly affected the attraction and conservation of FDI coming from Taiwan, in spite of Taiwan's government's biggest efforts to encourage and to support them. The Costa Rican governmental policy has not appropriately responded to the conditions that will allow the Taiwanese companies to maintain the levels of competitiveness, the sensibility of which is translated into a response of small presence of its investments. Costa Rica, on the other hand, shows greater vulnerability in the attraction of FDI because of the existence of other competitors in the international market such as the Central American countries, which offer the same incentives and other factors related to the attraction of investments. Progress in infrastructure and in institutional quality not only represents an additional incentive for the foreign capital companies, but a benefit to those of national capital and, as a whole, to the entire society. Also, as for the strategic Organization that tends to be unipole because of its preference towards its socio-commercial principle, it is convenient to diversify the origin of the investments, giving greater attention and interest to other commercial associates of considerable importance in the international scope, as is the case of Taiwan, and to attain the reduction of the potential political and economic risks found in a strong dependency on only one world economy.
The countries, especially those with a lower relative development, facing the need to be provided with more foreign currencies as financing sources for the imbalances in the checking account of the balance of payments, facing the need to complement domestic saving with external saving and the need to consolidate their strategies for international insertion, compete in offering the best business climate for the biggest possible attraction of FDI, in a growingly complex and difficult ambience. FDI is of interest because of the role it plays in the acceleration of growth and in the transformation of economy and, especially, because of the manifestation of its stable character during financial crises. Starting in 1998, Costa Rica defines a national strategy in order to coordinate the attraction of FDI, to achieve a better insertion in the international market and to improve its macroeconomic situation. In this sense, it chooses a strategy based on activities of intensive use of qualified human resources and on stressing certain ad vantages of the country, such as its political and social stability, Nevertheless, in spite of the attainment of significant investments in electronics, medical devices and services, much is still to be extended and improved. It has always received investments dedicated to the manufacture of electronic products, without obtaining the expected local added value or the always-mentioned technological transference. This, consequently, restricts its national productive connections and the possible multiplying effect of its activities. In the world, Taiwan is a successful model of economic, commercial, industrial and technological development, a powerful financial actor and a possible source of FDI due to its large investing and importing capacity. But, regrettably, the Costa Rican FDI-attraction climate, as part of the strategy in the matter, has timidly affected the attraction and conservation of FDI coming from Taiwan, in spite of Taiwan's government's biggest efforts to encourage and to support them. The Costa Rican governmental policy has not appropriately responded to the conditions that will allow the Taiwanese companies to maintain the levels of competitiveness, the sensibility of which is translated into a response of small presence of its investments. Costa Rica, on the other hand, shows greater vulnerability in the attraction of FDI because of the existence of other competitors in the international market such as the Central American countries, which offer the same incentives and other factors related to the attraction of investments. Progress in infrastructure and in institutional quality not only represents an additional incentive for the foreign capital companies, but a benefit to those of national capital and, as a whole, to the entire society. Also, as for the strategic Organization that tends to be unipole because of its preference towards its socio-commercial principle, it is convenient to diversify the origin of the investments, giving greater attention and interest to other commercial associates of considerable importance in the international scope, as is the case of Taiwan, and to attain the reduction of the potential political and economic risks found in a strong dependency on only one world economy.
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Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, ECONOMÍA, INVERSIONES EXTRANJERAS, ECONOMY, FOREIGN INVESTMENTS