Almacenamiento y manipulación de sustancias químicas peligrosas : indicadores de amenaza y vulnerabilidad : un análisis en las industrias del cantón de Belén, provincia de Heredia
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Fecha
2005
Autores
Alfaro Hernández, Silvia Elena
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Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El incremento del uso de productos químicos en la industria, su almacenamiento y manipulación en forma no adecuada y muchas veces, el desconocimiento de la peligrosidad de las sustancias con las que se trabaja, generan condiciones de riesgo para la salud de las personas, la infraestructura de las industrias y para el ambiente en general. Por ello, este trabajo se propone conocer los principales conceptos asociados al riesgo, para establecer indicadores de amenaza y vulnerabilidad por almacenamiento y manipulación de productos químicos peligrosos que pueden provocar accidentes tecnológicos y así proporcionar una guía preventiva para minimizar los efectos. Este trabajo se desarrolló en el cantón de Belén, Heredia, durante el período comprendido entre los años 2001 al 2003, mediante la evaluación de riesgo en 32 actividades industriales. Después de una evaluación preliminar, se aplicó una Guía de Evaluación Industrial y/o Comercial, con el fin de recopilar información sobre los riesgos asociados al almacenamiento de productos químicos peligrosos. Se encuentra que, de acuerdo con el Plan Regulador del cantón de Belén, el 72% de las industrias se ubican en zona industrial, aproximadamente el 20% en zonas residenciales de mediana y baja densidad y solo un 6.2 % se ubican en zonas de alta densidad, El 64% de las industrias deben efectuar mejoras en los tanques de almacenamiento de líquidos inflamables, combustibles y/o corrosivos no inflamables. Para el almacenamiento de gases, el 80% de las industrias presentan condiciones que necesitan mejorar y un 20%, son inaceptables El 67% de las industrias deben mejorar el área de almacenamiento de productos químicos peligrosos. El 40% de las industrias se consideran como industrias que presentan una inaceptable protección contra incendios. El 28% de las industrias necesitan mejoras, ya que a pesar de que cuentan con sistemas de alarma y seguridad óptimos, fallan al no tenerlos en funcionamiento y bajo control. El 56% de las industrias presentan deficientes sistemas en la organización y capacitación para la atención de emergencias. Los trabajadores carecen de la capacitación mínima requerida y por tanto, no están en condiciones de enfrentar un accidente tecnológico La insuficiente información sobre las características físicas y químicas de los productos químicos peligrosos que utilizan las industrias, aumentan su vulnerabilidad ante cualquier amenaza; por lo que es importante que los empresarios consideren las medidas de seguridad necesarias para evitar que ocurran accidentes; asimismo, que se organicen y capaciten a sus colaboradores para que éstos no sólo conozcan el nivel de riesgo que presentan los productos químicos peligrosos, sino que también puedan afrontar una emergencia tecnológica en caso de que ocurra.
The increase in the use of chemical products in the industry, their storage and handling in an inappropriate way and often, the ignorance of the danger of the substances with which they work, generate risk conditions for the health of people, the infrastructure industries and for the environment in general. For this reason, this work intends to know the main concepts associated with risk, to establish threat and vulnerability indicators due to the storage and handling of dangerous chemical products that can cause technological accidents and thus provide a preventive guide to minimize the effects. This work was developed in the canton of Belén, Heredia, during the period from 2001 to 2003, through risk assessment in 32 industrial activities. After a preliminary evaluation, an Industrial and/or Commercial Evaluation Guide was applied, in order to collect information on the risks associated with the storage of dangerous chemical products. It is found that, according to the Regulatory Plan of the canton of Belén, 72% of the industries are located in industrial zones, approximately 20% in residential areas of medium and low density and only 6.2% are located in areas of high density. density, 64% of industries must make improvements to storage tanks for flammable, combustible and/or corrosive non-flammable liquids. For the storage of gases, 80% of the industries present conditions that need improvement and 20% are unacceptable. 67% of the industries must improve the storage area for dangerous chemical products. 40% of the industries are considered as industries that present an unacceptable protection against fires. 28% of the industries need improvements, because despite the fact that they have optimal alarm and security systems, they fail by not having them in operation and under control. 56% of the industries have deficient systems in the organization and training for emergency care. Workers lack the minimum required training and therefore are not in a position to face a technological accident. Insufficient information on the physical and chemical characteristics of the dangerous chemical products used by industries increases their vulnerability to any threat; Therefore, it is important that employers consider the necessary safety measures to prevent accidents from occurring; likewise, that they organize and train their collaborators so that they not only know the level of risk that dangerous chemical products present, but also that they can face a technological emergency in the event that it occurs.
The increase in the use of chemical products in the industry, their storage and handling in an inappropriate way and often, the ignorance of the danger of the substances with which they work, generate risk conditions for the health of people, the infrastructure industries and for the environment in general. For this reason, this work intends to know the main concepts associated with risk, to establish threat and vulnerability indicators due to the storage and handling of dangerous chemical products that can cause technological accidents and thus provide a preventive guide to minimize the effects. This work was developed in the canton of Belén, Heredia, during the period from 2001 to 2003, through risk assessment in 32 industrial activities. After a preliminary evaluation, an Industrial and/or Commercial Evaluation Guide was applied, in order to collect information on the risks associated with the storage of dangerous chemical products. It is found that, according to the Regulatory Plan of the canton of Belén, 72% of the industries are located in industrial zones, approximately 20% in residential areas of medium and low density and only 6.2% are located in areas of high density. density, 64% of industries must make improvements to storage tanks for flammable, combustible and/or corrosive non-flammable liquids. For the storage of gases, 80% of the industries present conditions that need improvement and 20% are unacceptable. 67% of the industries must improve the storage area for dangerous chemical products. 40% of the industries are considered as industries that present an unacceptable protection against fires. 28% of the industries need improvements, because despite the fact that they have optimal alarm and security systems, they fail by not having them in operation and under control. 56% of the industries have deficient systems in the organization and training for emergency care. Workers lack the minimum required training and therefore are not in a position to face a technological accident. Insufficient information on the physical and chemical characteristics of the dangerous chemical products used by industries increases their vulnerability to any threat; Therefore, it is important that employers consider the necessary safety measures to prevent accidents from occurring; likewise, that they organize and train their collaborators so that they not only know the level of risk that dangerous chemical products present, but also that they can face a technological emergency in the event that it occurs.
Descripción
Alfaro Hernández, S. E. (2005). Almacenamiento y manipulación de sustancias químicas peligrosas: indicadores de amenaza y vulnerabilidad : un análisis en las industrias del cantón de Belén, provincia de Heredia. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS, TRIBUTACIÓN, GOBIERNO LOCAL, INDUSTRIA, CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, INDUSTRY