La memoria colectiva en la constitución de las víctimas como sujeto social en Colombia : a partir del caso de la masacre en Trujillo (Valle del Cauca)
Fecha
2017
Autores
Caicedo Narvaez, Roberto
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La motivación para asumir ésta investigación viene de la situación de las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia y como se han ido constituyendo en sujetos sociales en medio del mismo y, fundamentalmente, el lugar que ha tenido los procesos de memoria colectiva en dicha constitución. La pregunta inicial para la investigación fue: ¿Cómo contribuyen los procesos de memoria a la construcción de las víctimas como sujeto social1 en Colombia? Se propone, entonces, la categoría de memoria como eje articulador de la investigación en relación con los procesos de conformación de las víctimas como sujeto social, y que forman parte importante de algunas de las expresiones de los movimientos de víctimas, que han venido surgiendo en Colombia, especialmente a través de sus discursos y acciones. La víctima podría ser tanto quien se le ha cegado su vida como aquellos (as) sobrevivientes de alguna acción armada y aquellos (as) que han sobrevivido a alguna forma de victimización a raíz del conflicto armado en las últimas tres décadas. Como se podrá ver es un universo bastante amplio y variado el que se debe considerar, por lo tanto se parte de un caso específico de victimización en Colombia para llevar adelante la investigación, la Masacre de Trujillo (Valle del Cauca), no se trata de un estudio de caso sino que se toma el caso como punto de partida para el propósito investigativo. El caso de Trujillo ha sido ya documentado, comenzando por el informe realizado por la Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación y su grupo de Memoria Histórica en el 2008 (CNRR, 2008). En cuanto a la importancia de la memoria, ésta se constata no sólo para las víctimas sino para la sociedad colombiana. La memoria es una categoría usada tanto por el “discurso oficial”, manifestado principalmente en las leyes para tratar el tema de la reparación de las víctimas así como en el trabajo de la Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación, instalada en el gobierno de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, y que ha tenido sus variaciones con el nuevo gobierno, así como para los diferentes grupo de víctimas del conflicto. Luego, en el primer gobierno de Santos el Congreso de Colombia aprueba la “ley de víctimas”, El Presidente dijo al respecto: “Hoy es un día histórico; todos lo sabemos. Hoy es un día de esperanza nacional en que no sólo los colombianos sino el mundo entero son testigos del propósito de un Estado que,…, está dispuesto a pagar una deuda moral, una deuda largamente aplazada con las víctimas de una violencia que tiene que terminar” (Cristo, 2012, p.200). Por su lado, en un escrito sobre el Movimiento de Víctimas en Colombia se menciona como uno de los derechos principales de las víctimas el de la verdad y la memoria histórica de tal forma que los hechos de violencia ocurridos no se repitan (CNM, 2008, p.1). Entonces, los principales aspectos relacionados con la investigación tienen que ver, con la constitución de las víctimas como un sujeto social en Colombia. Teniendo en mente dos aspectos de la memoria, en el contexto del quehacer de los movimientos de víctimas, por un lado con sus derechos y, por otro, con las dinámicas surgidas alrededor de la constitución como sujetos sociales en el contexto del conflicto. Lo anterior tiene que ver, por un lado, con elementos legales y con políticas de Estado; pero, también con la capacidad de organización e interlocución alcanzada por las víctimas, tanto a un nivel individual como colectiva. Lo anterior se cruza con los diferentes aspectos de memorización colectiva, en diferentes formas y dimensiones, es lo que se pretende mostrar en la investigación. Las preguntas orientadoras para la investigación fueron: ¿Cómo se relaciona la forma de organización de la víctima con la construcción de memoria y con la forma en que ha ganado interlocución con el Estado y otros estamentos de la sociedad nacional o internacional? ¿Cómo se relaciona la construcción de memoria con las formas de construcción de las víctimas como un sujeto social en el contexto del conflicto en Colombia? ¿Qué impactos han tenido para las víctimas los procesos de memorización realizados como sujeto colectivo? ¿Cómo se relaciona estos procesos con los aspectos de victimización, re-victimización y/o reparación alcanzados por las víctimas?
.The motivation for undertaking this research comes from the situation of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia and how they have been constituted as social subjects in the midst of it and, fundamentally, the place that collective memory processes have had in said constitution. The initial question for the research was: How do memory processes contribute to the construction of victims as social subjects1 in Colombia? The category of memory is therefore proposed as the articulating axis of the research in relation to the processes that form victims as social subjects, and which form an important part of some of the expressions of the victims' movements that have been emerging in Colombia, especially through their discourses and actions. The victim could be either the one whose life has been taken or those survivors of some armed action and those who have survived some form of victimization as a result of the armed conflict in the last three decades. As can be seen, the universe to be considered is quite broad and varied. Therefore, the investigation begins with a specific case of victimization in Colombia: the Trujillo Massacre (Valle del Cauca). This is not a case study, but rather the case itself as a starting point for the investigative purpose. The Trujillo case has already been documented, beginning with the report prepared by the National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation and its Historical Memory group in 2008 (CNRR, 2008). Regarding the importance of memory, this is confirmed not only for the victims but also for Colombian society. Memory is a category used both by the "official discourse," manifested primarily in laws addressing the issue of reparation for victims, as well as in the work of the National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation, installed during the government of Álvaro Uribe Vélez, which has undergone variations with the new administration, and for the different groups of victims of the conflict. Then, during Santos's first administration, the Colombian Congress approved the "victims' law." The President stated: "Today is a historic day; we all know it. Today is a day of national hope, in which not only Colombians but the entire world witness the purpose of a State that... is willing to pay a moral debt, a long-delayed debt, to the victims of a violence that must end" (Cristo, 2012, p. 200). A document on the Victims' Movement in Colombia mentions one of the victims' main rights as the right to truth and historical memory, so that the acts of violence that occurred are not repeated (CNM, 2008, p. 1). Thus, the main aspects related to the investigation have to do with the constitution of victims as a social subject in Colombia. Considering two aspects of memory in the context of the work of victims' movements, on the one hand, their rights, and on the other, the dynamics that emerged around their constitution as social subjects in the context of the conflict. This relates, on the one hand, to legal elements2 and state policies; but also to the capacity for organization and dialogue achieved by victims, both individually and collectively. This intersects with the different aspects of collective memorization, in different forms and dimensions, and is what the research seeks to reveal. The guiding questions for the research were: How does the victim's form of organization relate to the construction of memory and to the way in which they have gained dialogue with the state and other sectors of national or international society? How does the construction of memory relate to the ways in which victims construct themselves as social subjects in the context of the conflict in Colombia? What impact have the processes of memorization carried out as collective subjects had on victims? How do these processes relate to the aspects of victimization, re-victimization and/or reparation achieved by the victims?.
.The motivation for undertaking this research comes from the situation of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia and how they have been constituted as social subjects in the midst of it and, fundamentally, the place that collective memory processes have had in said constitution. The initial question for the research was: How do memory processes contribute to the construction of victims as social subjects1 in Colombia? The category of memory is therefore proposed as the articulating axis of the research in relation to the processes that form victims as social subjects, and which form an important part of some of the expressions of the victims' movements that have been emerging in Colombia, especially through their discourses and actions. The victim could be either the one whose life has been taken or those survivors of some armed action and those who have survived some form of victimization as a result of the armed conflict in the last three decades. As can be seen, the universe to be considered is quite broad and varied. Therefore, the investigation begins with a specific case of victimization in Colombia: the Trujillo Massacre (Valle del Cauca). This is not a case study, but rather the case itself as a starting point for the investigative purpose. The Trujillo case has already been documented, beginning with the report prepared by the National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation and its Historical Memory group in 2008 (CNRR, 2008). Regarding the importance of memory, this is confirmed not only for the victims but also for Colombian society. Memory is a category used both by the "official discourse," manifested primarily in laws addressing the issue of reparation for victims, as well as in the work of the National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation, installed during the government of Álvaro Uribe Vélez, which has undergone variations with the new administration, and for the different groups of victims of the conflict. Then, during Santos's first administration, the Colombian Congress approved the "victims' law." The President stated: "Today is a historic day; we all know it. Today is a day of national hope, in which not only Colombians but the entire world witness the purpose of a State that... is willing to pay a moral debt, a long-delayed debt, to the victims of a violence that must end" (Cristo, 2012, p. 200). A document on the Victims' Movement in Colombia mentions one of the victims' main rights as the right to truth and historical memory, so that the acts of violence that occurred are not repeated (CNM, 2008, p. 1). Thus, the main aspects related to the investigation have to do with the constitution of victims as a social subject in Colombia. Considering two aspects of memory in the context of the work of victims' movements, on the one hand, their rights, and on the other, the dynamics that emerged around their constitution as social subjects in the context of the conflict. This relates, on the one hand, to legal elements2 and state policies; but also to the capacity for organization and dialogue achieved by victims, both individually and collectively. This intersects with the different aspects of collective memorization, in different forms and dimensions, and is what the research seeks to reveal. The guiding questions for the research were: How does the victim's form of organization relate to the construction of memory and to the way in which they have gained dialogue with the state and other sectors of national or international society? How does the construction of memory relate to the ways in which victims construct themselves as social subjects in the context of the conflict in Colombia? What impact have the processes of memorization carried out as collective subjects had on victims? How do these processes relate to the aspects of victimization, re-victimization and/or reparation achieved by the victims?.
Descripción
Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales
Palabras clave
CONFLICTOS POLÍTICOS, VÍCTIMAS, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, POLITICAL TURMOIL, VICTIMS, CASE STUDIES