Naegleria fowleri en cuerpos de agua dulce naturales de Costa Rica: descripción de potenciales territorios nosogénicos en sitios recreativos en 2023
Fecha
2025-03
Autores
Alvarado Ocampo, Johan Andrey
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Dentro del grupo de las amebas de vida libre (AVL) de la familia Vahlkampfiidae, de amplia distribución en la naturaleza, el género Naegleria destaca por comprender especies adaptadas a altas temperaturas como la ameba parásita facultativa N. fowleri, causante de meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria (MAP). Naegleria spp. y otros vahlkámpfidos se pueden encontrar en entornos terrestres y acuáticos variados, donde pueden entrar en contacto con el ser humano. La caracterización y evaluación de cuerpos de agua es fundamental para conocer la presencia de microorganismos patógenos y el riesgo de infección. En este trabajo se realizó una encuesta de condiciones ambientales en fuentes naturales de agua dulce utilizadas para la visitación turística y recreativa en Costa Rica durante 2023, con el fin de determinar la presencia de AVL de la familia Vahlkampfiidae capaces de crecer a temperaturas elevadas como 42 °C, identificar parámetros fisicoquímicos y geoespaciales relacionados con la presencia de N. fowleri o Naegleria spp., y describir el perfil de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) de las personas con relación a la infección por N. fowleri. Para cumplir con los objetivos propuestos, se muestreó agua y sedimentos de veinticuatro lugares y se midieron parámetros como temperatura, pH, conductividad eléctrica y oxígeno disuelto en agua. Del agua, además, se realizó cultivo a 42 °C, aislamiento y PCR, resultando en veinte sitios positivos por AVL vahlkámpfidas (83,3 %), siete de los sitios positivos por Naegleria (29,2 %) pero todos negativos por N. fowleri. La identificación por secuenciación basada en el amplicón de la PCR de familia taxonómica detectó Tetramitus spp. predominantemente, seguida de Vahlkampfia sp. y Neovahlkampfia sp. En el sedimento se realizaron determinaciones de metales, cationes y análisis de textura. Hubo asociación estadística significativa (p < 0,05) entre el oxígeno disuelto, la conductividad del agua, el cobre y el porcentaje de arcilla en sedimento con la presencia de Naegleria spp., aunque la asociación epidemiológica no lo fue. Los sitios presentaron un predominio de cobertura forestal y se ubicaron en regiones subclimáticas con patrones de lluvia importantes. Además, se aplicó una encuesta de CAP a 72 personas entre 18 y 66 años, de las cuales un 37,5 % no había escuchado sobre N. fowleri, y se obtuvo puntajes generales de 35,8 % de conocimiento, y 3,01 y 2,16 para actitudes y prácticas, siendo cinco el valor más favorable o de menor riesgo. Las pruebas estadísticas arrojaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) en el nivel de conocimiento según el género y la procedencia de la persona. Este trabajo señala que, de manera general, los sitios incluidos en este estudio poseen características ambientales (agua, sedimento, clima) adecuadas para la permanencia de Naegleria spp. y otras AVL en ellos; indica además que N. fowleri posiblemente enfrenta retos ecológicos por fenómenos de competencia. Sin embargo, dada la variabilidad de los parámetros medidos y el número limitado de sitios, no se obtuvo una relación clara con la presencia de Naegleria spp. Además, los resultados evidencian una alta frecuencia de AVL termotolerantes en aguas superficiales no termales con capacidad de proliferar a altas temperaturas, lo que puede hacer posible que N. fowleri esté presente. La encuesta CAP evidencia bajo nivel de conocimiento y deficiencias en el manejo y prevención del riesgo de MAP en la muestra de la población encuestada y expuesta a reservorios naturales de agua dulce. Los hallazgos de esta encuesta de condiciones ambientales representan un aporte importante en el conocimiento sobre la presencia de Naegleria spp. y otras vahlkámpfidas en reservorios naturales de agua de Costa Rica y un punto de partida para sistematizar el monitoreo de AVL potencialmente patógenas en entornos de estrecho contacto con el ser humano.
Within the group of free-living amoebae (FLA) of the Vahlkampfiidae family, which are widely distributed in nature, the genus Naegleria stands out for including species adapted to high temperatures, such as the facultative parasitic amoeba N. fowleri, the causative agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Naegleria spp. and other vahlkampfiids can be found in diverse terrestrial and aquatic environments, making contact with people. The characterization and evaluation of water bodies is essential to determine the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and assess the risk of infection. This study proposed an environmental survey of natural freshwater sources used for tourism and recreational activities in Costa Rica during 2023. The objectives were to detect the presence of thermotolerant FLA of the Vahlkampfiidae family, identify physicochemical and geospatial parameters related to the presence of N. fowleri or Naegleria spp., and describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of individuals regarding N. fowleri infection. In order to accomplish the objectives of this work, water and sediment samples were collected from twenty-four locations, measuring parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. Additionally, water samples were cultured at 42 °C, followed by isolation and PCR. Results showed that 20 sites (83,3 %) tested positive for vahlkampfiid FLA, seven sites (29,2 %) tested positive for Naegleria, but all were negative for N. fowleri. PCR amplicon sequencing for taxonomic identification predominantly detected Tetramitus spp., followed by Vahlkampfia sp. and Neovahlkampfia sp. In sediment samples, metal, cation, and texture analyses were performed. Although dissolved oxygen, water conductivity, copper concentration, and clay percentage in sediment were statistically associated (p < 0,05) with the presence of Naegleria spp., epidemiological association was not demonstrated. The sampled sites were mainly covered by forest and located subclimatic regions with significant rainfall patterns. Additionally, a KAP survey was conducted with 72 individuals aged 18 to 66 years. Results showed that 37,5 % had never heard of N. fowleri, with overall scores of 35,8 % for knowledge, 3,01 for attitudes, and 2,16 for practices, where five represents the most favorable or lowest-risk response. Statistical tests revealed significant differences (p < 0,05) in knowledge levels based on gender and place of origin. This study suggests, in general terms, that the sites included in the research possess environmental characteristics (water, sediment, climate) suitable for the persistence of Naegleria spp. and other FLA. Additionally, N. fowleri may face ecological challenges due to competitive interactions. However, given the variability of the measured parameters and the limited number of sites, no clear relationship was established with the frequency of Naegleria spp. Furthermore, results indicate a high prevalence of thermotolerant FLA in nonthermal surface waters capable of thriving at high temperatures, indicating the potential presence of N. fowleri. The KAP survey highlights a low level of knowledge and deficiencies in risk management and prevention of PAM among people exposed to natural freshwater reservoirs. The findings of this environmental survey contribute significantly to the understanding of Naegleria spp. and other vahlkampfiids in Costa Rican water bodies, providing a valuable foundation for future systematic monitoring of potentially pathogenic FLA in environments with close human interaction.
Within the group of free-living amoebae (FLA) of the Vahlkampfiidae family, which are widely distributed in nature, the genus Naegleria stands out for including species adapted to high temperatures, such as the facultative parasitic amoeba N. fowleri, the causative agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Naegleria spp. and other vahlkampfiids can be found in diverse terrestrial and aquatic environments, making contact with people. The characterization and evaluation of water bodies is essential to determine the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and assess the risk of infection. This study proposed an environmental survey of natural freshwater sources used for tourism and recreational activities in Costa Rica during 2023. The objectives were to detect the presence of thermotolerant FLA of the Vahlkampfiidae family, identify physicochemical and geospatial parameters related to the presence of N. fowleri or Naegleria spp., and describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of individuals regarding N. fowleri infection. In order to accomplish the objectives of this work, water and sediment samples were collected from twenty-four locations, measuring parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. Additionally, water samples were cultured at 42 °C, followed by isolation and PCR. Results showed that 20 sites (83,3 %) tested positive for vahlkampfiid FLA, seven sites (29,2 %) tested positive for Naegleria, but all were negative for N. fowleri. PCR amplicon sequencing for taxonomic identification predominantly detected Tetramitus spp., followed by Vahlkampfia sp. and Neovahlkampfia sp. In sediment samples, metal, cation, and texture analyses were performed. Although dissolved oxygen, water conductivity, copper concentration, and clay percentage in sediment were statistically associated (p < 0,05) with the presence of Naegleria spp., epidemiological association was not demonstrated. The sampled sites were mainly covered by forest and located subclimatic regions with significant rainfall patterns. Additionally, a KAP survey was conducted with 72 individuals aged 18 to 66 years. Results showed that 37,5 % had never heard of N. fowleri, with overall scores of 35,8 % for knowledge, 3,01 for attitudes, and 2,16 for practices, where five represents the most favorable or lowest-risk response. Statistical tests revealed significant differences (p < 0,05) in knowledge levels based on gender and place of origin. This study suggests, in general terms, that the sites included in the research possess environmental characteristics (water, sediment, climate) suitable for the persistence of Naegleria spp. and other FLA. Additionally, N. fowleri may face ecological challenges due to competitive interactions. However, given the variability of the measured parameters and the limited number of sites, no clear relationship was established with the frequency of Naegleria spp. Furthermore, results indicate a high prevalence of thermotolerant FLA in nonthermal surface waters capable of thriving at high temperatures, indicating the potential presence of N. fowleri. The KAP survey highlights a low level of knowledge and deficiencies in risk management and prevention of PAM among people exposed to natural freshwater reservoirs. The findings of this environmental survey contribute significantly to the understanding of Naegleria spp. and other vahlkampfiids in Costa Rican water bodies, providing a valuable foundation for future systematic monitoring of potentially pathogenic FLA in environments with close human interaction.
Descripción
Posgrado Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales, grado académico de Magíster Scientiae en Epidemiología
Palabras clave
AGUA DULCE, COSTA RICA, NAEGLERIA FOWLERI, FRESH WATER