Plaguicidas y Niños: Exposición y Percepción
Fecha
2009
Autores
Barraza, Douglas
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En Costa Rica como en otros países tropicales se usan bolsas impregnadas con clorpirifós para proteger los frutos del banano y del plátano para cumplir con los estándares para exportar. No está claro si el uso de esas bolsas resulta en la exposición ambiental en niños que viven cerca de plantaciones bananeras o de plátano. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la exposición de niños a clorpirifós en comunidades localizadas cerca de plantaciones bananeras o de plátanos en la región de Talamanca, Costa Rica.
Se midió el metabolito 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) en orina en niños de 6-9 años de edad en más de una ocasión (N=230). Los niños que participaron fueron de tres comunidades, una comunidad bananera rodeada de plantaciones en la cual se usan las bolsas impregnadas con clorpirifós, una comunidad de pequeños productores de plátano que usan esas bolsas en las
plantaciones y una comunidad que produce plátano orgánico sin bolsas impregnadas de clorpirifós. Las concentraciones de TCP fueron significativamente altas en los niños de las comunidades donde se usan las bolsas impregnadas con clorpirifós a saber: en las plantaciones a gran escala y en las plantaciones de pequeños productores. Las diferencias entre niños
fueron más grandes para la comunidad de pequeños productores. Sólo en esta comunidad los niños tuvieron niveles estadísticamente significativos más altos que las niñas (p<0.04). Se necesitan medidas de intervención para reducir la exposición a plaguicidas en particular a clorpirifós.
Además de los análisis de metabolitos en orina, se examinó la percepción a la exposición a plaguicidas en niños sólo en dos comunidades, la comunidad orgánica no se tomó en cuenta. Mediante la técnica de discusión en grupos focales entre padres y madres de niños entre 7 y 9 años. Para complementar la información obtenida de los grupos focales se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad con actores claves, lo mismo que se hicieron observaciones participativas y no-participativas en las dos comunidades. La percepción sobre el uso de plaguicidas varió entre padres y madres y comunidades. Los padres y actores claves de la comunidad bananera percibieron que los niños están expuestos a plaguicidas principalmente debido a las aplicaciones aéreas. En la comunidad de pequeños productores de plátano tanto padres como madres y actores claves perciben que los niños están expuestos a plaguicidas por trabajar en las plantaciones de plátanos, por no usar un adecuado equipo de protección personal y por lavar la ropa de trabajo con el resto de la ropa. El paquete tecnológico de plaguicidas usado en banano es el mismo que se usa en las plantaciones de plátanos. Las estrategias para reducir la exposición a plaguicidas en Talamanca difieren en ambas comunidades, en la comunidad bananera los sindicalistas proponen mover el pueblo a otro lado mientras que en la comunidad de pequeños productores estrategias más concretas fueron
propuestas, incluyendo acceso a la información y a la capacitación en materia de plaguicidas y a métodos alternativos para el control de plagas.
In Costa Rica, as in other tropical countries, bags impregnated with chlorpyrifos are used to protect banana and plantain fruit to meet export standards banana and plantain fruit to meet export standards. No It is unclear whether the use of these bags results in environmental exposure in children living near banana plantations or banana plantations. The objective of this study was to assess the exposure of children to chlorpyrifos in banana plantations children to chlorpyrifos in communities located near banana or plantain plantations in the Talamanca region, Talamanca, Colombia in the Talamanca region of Costa Rica. The metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) was measured in urine in children 6-9 years of age on more than one occasion (N=1) on more than one occasion (N=230). The children who participated were from three communities, a banana-growing community surrounded by plantations where chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags are used, a community of small banana producers that use these bags in the plantations and a community that produces bananas plantations, and a community that produces organic plantain without chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags. TCP concentrations were significantly high in children in the communities where chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags are used communities where chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags are used, i.e. in large-scale plantations and in organic plantations. large-scale plantations and smallholder plantations. The differences between children were greatest for the smallholder community. Only in this community did boys had statistically significantly higher levels than girls (p<0.04). Intervention measures are needed to reduce pesticide exposure intervention measures are needed to reduce exposure to pesticides, particularly chlorpyrifos. In addition to urine metabolite analyses, the perception of pesticide exposure in children was examined in only two communities, the organic community was not considered. In addition to urine metabolite analysis, the perception of pesticide exposure in children was examined in only two communities; the organic community was not taken into account. The focus group discussion technique was used among fathers and mothers of children between 7 and 9 years of age years. To complement the information obtained from the focus groups, in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders. In-depth interviews were conducted with key actors, as well as participatory and non participatory observations were made in the two communities. Perceptions of pesticide use varied pesticide use varied between parents and communities. Parents and key stakeholders in the banana community perceived that children are exposed to pesticides mainly due to aerial applications due to aerial applications. In the community of small banana farmers, both parents and key stakeholders perceive that children are exposed to pesticides mainly due to aerial applications parents and stakeholders perceive that children are exposed to pesticides from working in the banana plantations working in the banana plantations, not using adequate personal protective equipment, and washing the children's clothes personal protective equipment and by washing their work clothes with the rest of their clothes. The technological package of The pesticide technology package used on bananas is the same as that used on plantain plantations. The strategies to reduce pesticide exposure in Talamanca differ in both communities. In the banana community, the unionists propose to move the town elsewhere, while in the small producer community, the unionists propose to move the town to a different location in the small farmer community more concrete strategies were proposed, including access to information and proposed, including access to information and training on pesticides and alternative methods of pest control
In Costa Rica, as in other tropical countries, bags impregnated with chlorpyrifos are used to protect banana and plantain fruit to meet export standards banana and plantain fruit to meet export standards. No It is unclear whether the use of these bags results in environmental exposure in children living near banana plantations or banana plantations. The objective of this study was to assess the exposure of children to chlorpyrifos in banana plantations children to chlorpyrifos in communities located near banana or plantain plantations in the Talamanca region, Talamanca, Colombia in the Talamanca region of Costa Rica. The metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) was measured in urine in children 6-9 years of age on more than one occasion (N=1) on more than one occasion (N=230). The children who participated were from three communities, a banana-growing community surrounded by plantations where chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags are used, a community of small banana producers that use these bags in the plantations and a community that produces bananas plantations, and a community that produces organic plantain without chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags. TCP concentrations were significantly high in children in the communities where chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags are used communities where chlorpyrifos-impregnated bags are used, i.e. in large-scale plantations and in organic plantations. large-scale plantations and smallholder plantations. The differences between children were greatest for the smallholder community. Only in this community did boys had statistically significantly higher levels than girls (p<0.04). Intervention measures are needed to reduce pesticide exposure intervention measures are needed to reduce exposure to pesticides, particularly chlorpyrifos. In addition to urine metabolite analyses, the perception of pesticide exposure in children was examined in only two communities, the organic community was not considered. In addition to urine metabolite analysis, the perception of pesticide exposure in children was examined in only two communities; the organic community was not taken into account. The focus group discussion technique was used among fathers and mothers of children between 7 and 9 years of age years. To complement the information obtained from the focus groups, in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders. In-depth interviews were conducted with key actors, as well as participatory and non participatory observations were made in the two communities. Perceptions of pesticide use varied pesticide use varied between parents and communities. Parents and key stakeholders in the banana community perceived that children are exposed to pesticides mainly due to aerial applications due to aerial applications. In the community of small banana farmers, both parents and key stakeholders perceive that children are exposed to pesticides mainly due to aerial applications parents and stakeholders perceive that children are exposed to pesticides from working in the banana plantations working in the banana plantations, not using adequate personal protective equipment, and washing the children's clothes personal protective equipment and by washing their work clothes with the rest of their clothes. The technological package of The pesticide technology package used on bananas is the same as that used on plantain plantations. The strategies to reduce pesticide exposure in Talamanca differ in both communities. In the banana community, the unionists propose to move the town elsewhere, while in the small producer community, the unionists propose to move the town to a different location in the small farmer community more concrete strategies were proposed, including access to information and proposed, including access to information and training on pesticides and alternative methods of pest control
Descripción
Palabras clave
COMUNIDAD BANANERA, BANANA COMMUNITY, COMUNIDAD PLATANERA, PLANTAIN COMMUNITY, CLORPIRIFÓS, CHOLORPYRIFOS, EXPOSICIÓN A PLAGUICIDAS, PESTICIDE EXPOSURE, PERCEPCIÓN DE RIESGO, RISK PERCEPTION