Estudio de las características físicas y químicas del agua utilizada en el bloque Tapantí Macizo de la Muerte, para determinar su inocuidad para consumo humano”
Fecha
2026
Autores
Brenes Ortiz, Mónica Ariana
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Resumen. El Bloque Tapantí Macizo de la Muerte (BTMM), localizado en el Cerro de la Muerte, cuenta con tres sectores: Oficina La Esperanza (BTMM-OLE), Parque Nacional Tapantí Macizo de la Muerte (BTMM-PNTMM) y el Parque Nacional Los Quetzales (BTMM-PNLQ), los cuales se abastecen por medios propios de agua para consumo, sin embargo, no se cuenta con estudios que aseguren que es apta para este objeto. Con el fin de cerciorar que el agua es inocua y que su ingesta no afecta la salud de los consumidores, se evaluó la calidad de ésta en cada uno de los tres sectores. Se realizaron 2 campañas de muestreo en cada sector (noviembre de 2023 y febrero de 2024), en donde se analizaron parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos en tres puntos de la línea de suministro. Se evaluó el cumplimiento con respecto al Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable Decreto No. 38924-S, obteniendo conformidad en la mayoría de los parámetros estudiados. No obstante, en los sectores BTMM-OLE y BTMM-PNTMM se identificaron incumplimientos por parte de varios parámetros, entre los que destacan color aparente y Escherichia coli. La aplicación del Índice de Riesgo de la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano en Costa Rica (IRCACH) determinó que, durante la época seca, los tres sectores presentan un nivel de riesgo bajo (RB). Sin embargo, en la época lluviosa los sectores BTMM-OLE y BTMM-PNTMM alcanzan un nivel de riesgo muy alto (RMA), catalogando las aguas como no aptas para consumo. Respecto a la clasificación hidrogeoquímica, las aguas de los sectores BTMM-PNLQ y BTMM-PNTMM se categorizan como bicarbonatadas cálcicas y/o magnésicas de recarga reciente; definición que el sector BTMM-OLE solo mantiene en época seca, ya que durante la época lluviosa cambia a bicarbonatadas sódicas. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian la vulnerabilidad de las aguas utilizadas para consumo, principalmente por una captación inadecuada, que permite que el material arrastrado por las escorrentías llegue a las fuentes de abastecimiento. Además, la ausencia de procesos de desinfección podría ocasionar el consumo de material fecal por parte del personal guardaparques. Por ello, se recomienda realizar mejoras en el sistema de suministro de agua de modo que los consumidores puedan ingerir agua de calidad.
Abstract. The Tapantí Macizo de la Muerte Block (BTMM), situated on Cerro de la Muerte, comprises three sectors: La Esperanza Office (BTMM-OLE), Tapantí Macizo de la Muerte National Park (BTMM-PNTMM) and Los Quetzales National Park (BTMM-PNLQ), all of which are supplied with water for consumption from their own sources; however, there are no studies to confirm that it is suitable for this purpose. In order to ensure that the water is safe and that its consumption does not affect the health of users, its quality was assessed in each of the three sectors. Two sampling campaigns were carried out in each sector (November 2023 and February 2024), during which physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at three points along the supply line. Compliance with the Regulations on Drinking Water Quality (Decree No. 38924-S) was assessed, and compliance was confirmed for most of the parameters studied. However, in the BTMM-OLE and BTMM-PNTMM sectors, non-compliance was identified for several parameters, notably apparent colour and Escherichia coli. The application of the Water Quality Risk Index for Human Consumption in Costa Rica (IRCACH) determined that, during the dry season, all three sectors present a low risk level (RB). However, during the rainy season, the BTMM-OLE and BTMM-PNTMM sectors reach a very high risk level (RMA), classifying the water as unfit for consumption. With regard to hydrogeochemical classification, the water in the BTMM-PNLQ and BTMM-PNTMM sectors is categorised as recently recharged calcium and/or magnesium bicarbonate water; a classification that the BTMM-OLE sector only maintains during the dry season, as it changes to sodium bicarbonate water during the rainy season. The results obtained highlight the vulnerability of the water used for consumption, mainly due to inadequate abstraction, which allows material carried by runoff to reach the water sources. Furthermore, the absence of disinfection processes could lead to park rangers ingesting faecal matter. It is therefore recommended that improvements be made to the water supply system so that consumers can drink high-quality water.
Abstract. The Tapantí Macizo de la Muerte Block (BTMM), situated on Cerro de la Muerte, comprises three sectors: La Esperanza Office (BTMM-OLE), Tapantí Macizo de la Muerte National Park (BTMM-PNTMM) and Los Quetzales National Park (BTMM-PNLQ), all of which are supplied with water for consumption from their own sources; however, there are no studies to confirm that it is suitable for this purpose. In order to ensure that the water is safe and that its consumption does not affect the health of users, its quality was assessed in each of the three sectors. Two sampling campaigns were carried out in each sector (November 2023 and February 2024), during which physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at three points along the supply line. Compliance with the Regulations on Drinking Water Quality (Decree No. 38924-S) was assessed, and compliance was confirmed for most of the parameters studied. However, in the BTMM-OLE and BTMM-PNTMM sectors, non-compliance was identified for several parameters, notably apparent colour and Escherichia coli. The application of the Water Quality Risk Index for Human Consumption in Costa Rica (IRCACH) determined that, during the dry season, all three sectors present a low risk level (RB). However, during the rainy season, the BTMM-OLE and BTMM-PNTMM sectors reach a very high risk level (RMA), classifying the water as unfit for consumption. With regard to hydrogeochemical classification, the water in the BTMM-PNLQ and BTMM-PNTMM sectors is categorised as recently recharged calcium and/or magnesium bicarbonate water; a classification that the BTMM-OLE sector only maintains during the dry season, as it changes to sodium bicarbonate water during the rainy season. The results obtained highlight the vulnerability of the water used for consumption, mainly due to inadequate abstraction, which allows material carried by runoff to reach the water sources. Furthermore, the absence of disinfection processes could lead to park rangers ingesting faecal matter. It is therefore recommended that improvements be made to the water supply system so that consumers can drink high-quality water.
Descripción
Brenes Ortiz, M. A. (2026). Estudio de las características físicas y químicas del agua utilizada en el bloque Tapantí Macizo de la Muerte, para determinar su inocuidad para consumo humano. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
CALIDAD DEL AGUA, INOCULACIÓN, AGUA POTABLE, SALUD PÚBLICA, PÉREZ ZELEDÓN (SAN JOSÉ), WATER QUALITY, DRINKING WATER
