Estrategias aduaneras para la mitigación de los efectos negativos de la COVID-19 en la logística del comercio internacional de la Aduana de Peñas Blancas, Costa Rica
Fecha
2022-07-22
Autores
Céspedes Sibaja, Wilson
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente trabajo de investigación se realiza con el fin de entender el shock económico causado en la Frontera de Peñas Blancas sobre la afectación y atrasos de los tiempos de entrega de las mercancías en el despacho de los productos y que con la llegada de la pandemia de la COVID-19, agrega controles adicionales y aumenta los costos y tiempos de espera para los dueños de las cargas como lo son importadores, exportadores y los encargados de la logística, tanto en el sector privado como en el sector público, sumado a la carencia de infraestructura que potencia las consecuencias de la pandemia. Dentro del estudio se plantea analizar las estrategias utilizadas por las instituciones de Gobierno que se ubican en la frontera de Peñas Blancas, para enfrentar los problemas generados por la pandemia de la COVID-19 y su efecto en la logística del comercio internacional, por medio de la identificación de las medidas sanitarias que se aplicaron en la Frontera de Peñas Blancas, los costos económicos, producto de las medidas sanitarias que afectaron las empresas del sector importador y exportador, y cómo la falta de infraestructura potenció el impacto de la Covid-19, para realizar las recomendaciones ante eventuales situaciones atípicas que se presenten en un futuro en la Frontera de Peñas Blancas. Con el fin de comprender el entorno de la Frontera de Peñas Blancas se analizan temas muy importantes como lo son: La Gestión Aduanera, los Regímenes aduaneros de importación, exportación, tránsito internacional. El control aduanero, la Gestión coordinada de fronteras y sus beneficios. La facilitación del comercio mediante la coordinación institucional, la activación del Consejo Nacional de Facilitación del Comercio (CONAFAC), con participación de actores del sector público y privado. Los actores que tienen participación en el proceso de comercio internacional en la frontera de Peñas Blancas incluyen a las principales instituciones públicas del Estado: la Aduana, Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería, Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería: (MAG). (Servicio Fitosanitario y el Servicio de Salud Animal, Ministerio de Salud, Ministerio de Seguridad Pública (Fuerza Pública). La participación del sector privado representado por los Auxiliares de la función pública, principalmente, Agentes Aduaneros y Cámaras de Transportistas. Se realiza un estudio de los resultados mediante el análisis de los procedimientos establecidos por las instituciones públicas, que dio continuidad a las operaciones de comercio internacional, además de investigación sobre los tiempos de espera en Frontera, el impacto en los costos de los usuarios, Shock económico y cómo los problemas de infraestructura en la Frontera de Peñas Blancas vienen a impactar la crisis con la pandemia de la COVID-19. Con los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación se estarán estableciendo propuestas ante eventuales situaciones de crisis en la frontera de Peñas Blancas, y se cuente con los insumos necesarios para evitar una afectación al comercio internacional mediante la Frontera de Peñas Blancas.
The research work is carried out with the purpose of understanding the economic shock caused in the Peñas Blancas Border on the affectation and delays in the delivery times of the goods in the dispatch of the products and that with the arrival of the pandemic of COVID-19, adds additional controls increasing the costs and waiting times for the owners of the loads such as importers, exporters and those in charge of the logistics in the private sector as well as in the public sector, added to the lack of infrastructure that potentiates the consequences of the pandemic. Within the analysis of the study, it is proposed to analyze the strategies used by the government institutions located at the Peñas Blancas border to face the problems generated by the COVID- 19 pandemic and its effect on the logistics of international trade, through the identification of the sanitary measures applied at the Peñas Blancas Border, the economic costs resulting from the sanitary measures that affected companies in the importing and exporting sector, and how the lack of infrastructure increased the impact of Covid-19 in order to make recommendations for possible atypical situations that may arise in the future at the Peñas Blancas Border. In order to understand the environment of the Peñas Blancas Border, very important issues are analyzed, such as: Customs management, import, export and international transit customs regimes. Customs control, coordinated border management and its benefits. Trade facilitation through institutional coordination, the activation of the National Council for Trade Facilitation (CONAFAC), with the participation of public and private sector actors. The actors that participate in the international trade process at the Peñas Blancas border include public institutions of the State: Aduana, Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería, Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería: (MAG). (Servicio Fitosanitario y el Servicio de Salud Animal, Ministerio de Salud, Ministerio de Seguridad Pública (Fuerza Pública). The participation of the private sector represented by: Los Auxiliares de la función pública, Agentes Aduaneros, Transportistas. A study of the results is made by analyzing the procedures established by public institutions that gave continuity to international trade operations, in addition to research on waiting times at the border, the impact on user costs, economic shock and how infrastructure problems at the Peñas Blancas Border come to impact the crisis with the COVID-19 pandemic. With the results obtained in the present investigation, proposals will be established so that in the event of a crisis situation at the Peñas Blancas border, the necessary inputs will be available to avoid affecting international trade not only in Costa Rica, but also in Central American region.
The research work is carried out with the purpose of understanding the economic shock caused in the Peñas Blancas Border on the affectation and delays in the delivery times of the goods in the dispatch of the products and that with the arrival of the pandemic of COVID-19, adds additional controls increasing the costs and waiting times for the owners of the loads such as importers, exporters and those in charge of the logistics in the private sector as well as in the public sector, added to the lack of infrastructure that potentiates the consequences of the pandemic. Within the analysis of the study, it is proposed to analyze the strategies used by the government institutions located at the Peñas Blancas border to face the problems generated by the COVID- 19 pandemic and its effect on the logistics of international trade, through the identification of the sanitary measures applied at the Peñas Blancas Border, the economic costs resulting from the sanitary measures that affected companies in the importing and exporting sector, and how the lack of infrastructure increased the impact of Covid-19 in order to make recommendations for possible atypical situations that may arise in the future at the Peñas Blancas Border. In order to understand the environment of the Peñas Blancas Border, very important issues are analyzed, such as: Customs management, import, export and international transit customs regimes. Customs control, coordinated border management and its benefits. Trade facilitation through institutional coordination, the activation of the National Council for Trade Facilitation (CONAFAC), with the participation of public and private sector actors. The actors that participate in the international trade process at the Peñas Blancas border include public institutions of the State: Aduana, Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería, Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería: (MAG). (Servicio Fitosanitario y el Servicio de Salud Animal, Ministerio de Salud, Ministerio de Seguridad Pública (Fuerza Pública). The participation of the private sector represented by: Los Auxiliares de la función pública, Agentes Aduaneros, Transportistas. A study of the results is made by analyzing the procedures established by public institutions that gave continuity to international trade operations, in addition to research on waiting times at the border, the impact on user costs, economic shock and how infrastructure problems at the Peñas Blancas Border come to impact the crisis with the COVID-19 pandemic. With the results obtained in the present investigation, proposals will be established so that in the event of a crisis situation at the Peñas Blancas border, the necessary inputs will be available to avoid affecting international trade not only in Costa Rica, but also in Central American region.
Descripción
Palabras clave
ADUANA, CUSTOMS, PEÑAS BLANCAS (GUANACASTE), COSTA RICA, COVID-19 (ENFERMEDAD), COVID-19 (DISEASED), COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LOGÍSTICA, LOGISTICS