Nanofibrilación de celulosa extraída a partir del rastrojo de la piña (Ananas comosus)
Fecha
2021
Autores
Araya Chavarría, Kenly
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El sector agroindustrial ha tenido un crecimiento considerable en Costa Rica durante los últimos años alcanzando los primeros lugares en los productos de mayor exportación, ejemplos de esto son la piña y el banano, estas ocupan grandes extensiones de cultivo a nivel nacional y son la fuente de ingreso para muchas familias en las zonas rurales del país. Pero este aumento productivo también conlleva una responsabilidad ambiental que no ha sido considerada derivando en problemas de contaminación de tierras y mantos acuíferos con agroquímicos, proliferación de agentes infecciosos tanto para el ganado como para el ser humano y una muy problemática disposición de los desechos. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo se busca estudiar la posibilidad de aprovechar el rastrojo que es un residuo proveniente de la industria piñera y de esta manera disminuir su impacto en el ambiente. El rastrojo de la piña está compuesto por el tallo y las hojas, de las últimas se pueden obtener sus fibras, al remover las capas superficiales. Este material usualmente recibe el nombre de PALF (por sus siglas en inglés, Pineapple Leaf Fiber) y su composición química es principalmente celulosa, lignina y hemicelulosa, donde la primera es el componente más aprovechado ya que se encuentra en mayor proporción y muestra propiedades físicas y químicas con distintas aplicaciones industriales. Su utilidad puede ser ampliada y optimizada si a partir de la celulosa se extraen nanoestructuras de mayor valor agregado como lo son CNC (Cellulose Nanocrystal o Celulosa Nanocristalina) o CNF (Cellulose Nanofibers o Celulosa Nanofibrilar). Por lo tanto, se buscó extraer y caracterizar la CNF a partir de la PALF para generar propuestas de uso y estudios posteriores que las amplíen o mejoren. En este estudio se comparará la CNF extraída de PALF blanqueada y sin blanquear, para evaluar cómo la presencia de lignina afecta las propiedades del material y su efecto sobre el pretratamiento oxidativo mediado por un agente oxidante selectivo (TEMPO) el cual convierte una porción de los alcoholes presentes en la celobiosa, unidad repetitiva de la celulosa, en carboxilatos y/o aldehídos con el fin facilitar el proceso de destructuración mecánica. Además, se prepararán películas a partir de la CNF obtenida, las cuales son conocidas como nanopapel debido a que están conformadas por nanoestructuras cuya composición mayoritaria es celulosa.
The agro-industrial sector has had considerable growth in Costa Rica in recent years, reaching the first places in the most exported products, examples of this are pineapple and bananas, these occupy large areas of cultivation nationwide and are the source of income for many families in rural areas of the country. But this productive increase also entails an environmental responsibility that has not been considered, resulting in problems of contamination of land and aquifers with agrochemicals, proliferation of infectious agents for both livestock and humans and a very problematic disposal of waste. Therefore, this work seeks to study the possibility of taking advantage of the stubble that is a residue from the pineapple industry and in this way reduce its impact on the environment. Pineapple stubble is made up of the stem and leaves, from the latter its fibers can be obtained by removing the surface layers. This material is usually called PALF (Pineapple Leaf Fiber) and its chemical composition is mainly cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose, where the former is the most used component since it is found in a higher proportion and shows physical properties. and chemicals with different industrial applications. Its utility can be expanded and optimized if higher value-added nanostructures are extracted from cellulose, such as CNC (Cellulose Nanocrystal or Nanocrystalline Cellulose) or CNF (Cellulose Nanofibers or Nanofibrillar Cellulose). Therefore, it was sought to extract and characterize the CNF from the PALF to generate proposals for use and subsequent studies that expand or improve them. In this study, the CNF extracted from bleached and unbleached PALF will be compared to evaluate how the presence of lignin affects the properties of the material and its effect on the oxidative pretreatment mediated by a selective oxidizing agent (TEMPO) which converts a portion of the alcohols present in cellobiose, a repeating unit of cellulose, in carboxylates and / or aldehydes in order to facilitate the mechanical destructuring process. In addition, films will be prepared from the CNF obtained, which are known as nano-paper because they are made up of nanostructures whose main composition is cellulose.
The agro-industrial sector has had considerable growth in Costa Rica in recent years, reaching the first places in the most exported products, examples of this are pineapple and bananas, these occupy large areas of cultivation nationwide and are the source of income for many families in rural areas of the country. But this productive increase also entails an environmental responsibility that has not been considered, resulting in problems of contamination of land and aquifers with agrochemicals, proliferation of infectious agents for both livestock and humans and a very problematic disposal of waste. Therefore, this work seeks to study the possibility of taking advantage of the stubble that is a residue from the pineapple industry and in this way reduce its impact on the environment. Pineapple stubble is made up of the stem and leaves, from the latter its fibers can be obtained by removing the surface layers. This material is usually called PALF (Pineapple Leaf Fiber) and its chemical composition is mainly cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose, where the former is the most used component since it is found in a higher proportion and shows physical properties. and chemicals with different industrial applications. Its utility can be expanded and optimized if higher value-added nanostructures are extracted from cellulose, such as CNC (Cellulose Nanocrystal or Nanocrystalline Cellulose) or CNF (Cellulose Nanofibers or Nanofibrillar Cellulose). Therefore, it was sought to extract and characterize the CNF from the PALF to generate proposals for use and subsequent studies that expand or improve them. In this study, the CNF extracted from bleached and unbleached PALF will be compared to evaluate how the presence of lignin affects the properties of the material and its effect on the oxidative pretreatment mediated by a selective oxidizing agent (TEMPO) which converts a portion of the alcohols present in cellobiose, a repeating unit of cellulose, in carboxylates and / or aldehydes in order to facilitate the mechanical destructuring process. In addition, films will be prepared from the CNF obtained, which are known as nano-paper because they are made up of nanostructures whose main composition is cellulose.
Descripción
Araya Chavarría, K. (2021). Nanofibrilación de celulosa extraída a partir del rastrojo de la piña (Ananas comosus). [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
PIÑA, AGROINDUSTRIA, RESIDUOS, ANANAS COMOSUS, CELULOSA, PINEAPPLE, CELLULOSE, CONTAMINACIÓN