Competitividad de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector servicios a nivel micro, en el cantón de Pérez Zeledón
Fecha
2016
Autores
Cordero Soto, María de los Ángeles
Guzmán Cerdas, Alejandra María
Pérez Delgado, Angélica María
Torres Romero, Pamela de los Ángeles
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el grado de competitividad a nivel micro que poseen las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector servicios en cantón de Pérez Zeledón, con base en el modelo de análisis del BID. Esta investigación se desarrolló durante cinco meses, los cuales van desde el mes de febrero hasta el mes de julio del año 2017. Se enfoca en el cantón de Pérez Zeledón debido a que este se caracteriza por contar con gran cantidad de MIPYMES que son parte fundamental para el desarrollo de su economía, ya que genera alrededor del 31% del total de los puestos de trabajo, empleando a 6.924 personas diariamente (MEIC, 2012, p.6). Por lo tanto, se realizó un estudio enfocado específicamente en el sector terciario, el cual da a conocer las condiciones en las cuales se desenvuelven dichas organizaciones, sus características principales, el nivel académico de sus dirigentes, empleos que generan, los accesos a crédito, y el apoyo institucional; así como una serie de factores que intervienen en una mejora constante de su competitividad, tales como la eficiencia de su planificación estratégica, sus sistemas de calidad, sus procesos de comercialización, sus herramientas de contabilidad y finanzas, su gestión de recursos humanos, sus sistemas de información y sus políticas de gestión ambiental. Para el estudio, se estableció una muestra de 63 MIPYMES del sector servicios, las cuales fueron visitadas y entrevistas, y se les aplico el instrumento de recolección de información el cual se muestra en el anexo 1 de igual forma, en el anexo 2 se muestra la lista de empresas entrevistadas. Además, esta investigación está basada en un enfoque cuantitativo, ya que se pretende recolectar datos reales con el fin de comprobar suposiciones a base de datos numéricos y estadísticos que proporcionen información cuantitativa, para formular esquemas que contribuyan a las teorías existentes, para ser analizadas y establecer conclusiones. Se determinó que la mayoría de las empresas en estudio poseen más de cinco años de estar en funcionamiento, lo que quiere decir que ya se encuentran posicionadas, y deberían poseer el conocimiento necesario para desarrollar sus actividades con eficiencia. Por otro lado, la mayoría de ellas son administradas por hombres. Un aspecto importante de señalar es que, la mayoría de los microempresarios entrevistados posee estudios universitarios completos, es decir, una amplia preparación académica. Esto se debe fundamentalmente a que, al ser de sector servicios, ellos se dedican a brindar servicios profesionales, y por ende este grado de preparación es indispensable. De igual forma, se determina qué nivel de competitividad posee cada variable en estudio, así como qué indicadores influyen principalmente en dicha calificación. De esto se obtuvo que, las MYPIMES del sector servicios poseen en su mayoría un bajo nivel de competitividad; situación que afecta principalmente a las microempresas, mientras que, por el contrario; las medianas son las que presentan mejor competitividad, debido esencialmente a que cuentan con un mayor poder adquisitivo para acceder a herramientas administrativas que maximizan su eficiencia operacional.
The objective of this research is to determine the degree of competitiveness at the micro level that micro, small and medium enterprises of the service sector have in the canton of Perez Zeledon, based on the analysis model of the IDB. This research was developed during five months, from February to July 2017. It focuses on the canton of Perez Zeledon because it is characterized by having a large number of MSMEs that are a fundamental part of the development of its economy, since it generates about 31% of total jobs, employing 6,924 people daily (MEIC, 2012, p.6). Therefore, a study was conducted that focused specifically on the tertiary sector, which reveals the conditions in which these organizations operate, their main characteristics, the academic level of their leaders, the jobs they generate, access to credit, and institutional support; as well as a series of factors that intervene in a constant improvement of their competitiveness, such as the efficiency of their strategic planning, their quality systems, their marketing processes, their accounting and financial tools, their human resource management, their information systems, and their environmental management policies. For the study, a sample of 63 MSMEs from the service sector was established, which were visited and interviewed, and the information collection instrument was applied to them. In addition, this research is based on a quantitative approach, since it is intended to collect real data in order to verify assumptions based on numerical and statistical data that provide quantitative information, to formulate schemes that contribute to existing theories, to be analyzed and to establish conclusions. It was determined that most of the companies under study have been in operation for more than five years, which means that they are already positioned, and should have the necessary knowledge to develop their activities efficiently. On the other hand, most of them are managed by men. An important aspect to note is that most of the microentrepreneurs interviewed have completed university studies, in other words, a broad academic preparation. This is fundamentally because, being from the service sector, they are dedicated to providing professional services, and therefore this degree of preparation is indispensable. Similarly, it is determined what level of competitiveness each variable under study has, as well as what indicators mainly influence that qualification. From this, it was obtained that the MSMEs of the service sector have a low level of competitiveness, a situation that mainly affects the micro enterprises, while, on the contrary, the medium enterprises are the ones that present the best competitiveness, essentially because they have a greater purchasing power to access administrative tools that maximize their operational efficiency.
The objective of this research is to determine the degree of competitiveness at the micro level that micro, small and medium enterprises of the service sector have in the canton of Perez Zeledon, based on the analysis model of the IDB. This research was developed during five months, from February to July 2017. It focuses on the canton of Perez Zeledon because it is characterized by having a large number of MSMEs that are a fundamental part of the development of its economy, since it generates about 31% of total jobs, employing 6,924 people daily (MEIC, 2012, p.6). Therefore, a study was conducted that focused specifically on the tertiary sector, which reveals the conditions in which these organizations operate, their main characteristics, the academic level of their leaders, the jobs they generate, access to credit, and institutional support; as well as a series of factors that intervene in a constant improvement of their competitiveness, such as the efficiency of their strategic planning, their quality systems, their marketing processes, their accounting and financial tools, their human resource management, their information systems, and their environmental management policies. For the study, a sample of 63 MSMEs from the service sector was established, which were visited and interviewed, and the information collection instrument was applied to them. In addition, this research is based on a quantitative approach, since it is intended to collect real data in order to verify assumptions based on numerical and statistical data that provide quantitative information, to formulate schemes that contribute to existing theories, to be analyzed and to establish conclusions. It was determined that most of the companies under study have been in operation for more than five years, which means that they are already positioned, and should have the necessary knowledge to develop their activities efficiently. On the other hand, most of them are managed by men. An important aspect to note is that most of the microentrepreneurs interviewed have completed university studies, in other words, a broad academic preparation. This is fundamentally because, being from the service sector, they are dedicated to providing professional services, and therefore this degree of preparation is indispensable. Similarly, it is determined what level of competitiveness each variable under study has, as well as what indicators mainly influence that qualification. From this, it was obtained that the MSMEs of the service sector have a low level of competitiveness, a situation that mainly affects the micro enterprises, while, on the contrary, the medium enterprises are the ones that present the best competitiveness, essentially because they have a greater purchasing power to access administrative tools that maximize their operational efficiency.
Descripción
Informe del seminario de graduación para optar por el grado académico de Licenciatura en Administración con énfasis en Gestión Financiera
Palabras clave
PYMES, PEQUEÑAS EMPRESAS, COMPETITIVIDAD, PÉREZ ZELEDÓN (SAN JOSÉ), SMALL BUSINESS, COMPETITIVENESS, SMEs