Evaluación in vitro de la compatibilidad de aislamientos de Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae en presencia de seis fungicidas utilizados en cultivos hortícolas
Fecha
2026
Autores
Ramírez Cabrera, Santiago
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Introducción. La producción hortícola en Costa Rica enfrenta una alta incidencia de plagas y enfermedades, lo que ha incrementado el uso de fungicidas sintéticos; paralelamente, los hongos entomopatógenos como Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae constituyen una alternativa sostenible dentro del manejo integrado de plagas. No obstante, su aplicación conjunta con fungicidas puede generar interacciones que afecten su desarrollo y eficacia biológica. Objetivo. Evaluar la compatibilidad de aislamientos de M. anisopliae y B. bassiana con seis fungicidas de uso común en horticultura, mediante pruebas in vitro de viabilidad y desarrollo fúngico. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron los aislamientos BV-ECA-15 (B. bassiana) y MTR-ECA-01 (M. anisopliae), evaluando benomil, propamocarb, fosetil-Al, azoxystrobin, oxicloruro de cobre y propineb a dosis comerciales recomendadas, además de un tratamiento control sin fungicida. Se analizaron crecimiento micelial en medio PDA, germinación de conidios y capacidad de esporulación bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio, con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y prueba de Tukey (p < 0.05) en RStudio. Resultados. La respuesta de los hongos varió según el ingrediente activo y la especie evaluada. El benomil presentó el mayor efecto inhibitorio sobre el crecimiento micelial, la germinación y la esporulación en ambos hongos, con los valores más bajos de producción de conidios en B. bassiana (14,67 × 10⁶ conidios) y M. anisopliae (6,50 × 10⁶ conidios), en comparación con sus respectivos controles (76,67 y 58,17 × 10⁶ conidios). En B. bassiana, el fosetil-Al presentó una respuesta relativamente favorable, aunque la esporulación fue inferior a la del control (61,83 × 10⁶ conidios). Por otra parte, M. anisopliae evidenció una mayor tolerancia a propineb (43,83 × 10⁶ conidios), propamocarb (41,67 × 10⁶ conidios) y azoxystrobin (39,00 × 10⁶ conidios), cuyos resultados no difirieron estadísticamente del control (58,17 × 10⁶ conidios). La germinación de conidios se identificó como uno de los parámetros más sensibles para detectar efectos subletales. Conclusión. La compatibilidad entre fungicidas y hongos entomopatógenos depende tanto del modo de acción del ingrediente activo como de la especie evaluada. La evaluación in vitro permite identificar diferencias especie-específicas relevantes para la selección de insumos compatibles y el fortalecimiento de estrategias de manejo agroecológico orientadas hacia una agricultura más sostenible.
Introduction. Horticultural production in Costa Rica faces a high incidence of pests and diseases, which has increased the use of synthetic fungicides. At the same time, entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae represent a sustainable alternative within integrated pest management programs. However, their combined use with fungicides may generate interactions that affect their development and biological performance. Objective. To evaluate the compatibility of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana isolates with six fungicides commonly used in horticulture through in vitro assays of fungal viability and development. Materials and methods. The isolates BV-ECA-15 (B. bassiana) and MTR-ECA-01 (M. anisopliae) were tested against benomyl, propamocarb, fosetyl-Al, azoxystrobin, copper oxychloride, and propineb at recommended commercial doses, including a fungicide-free control. Mycelial growth on PDA medium, conidial germination, and sporulation capacity were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions with five replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) in RStudio. Results. Fungal response varied according to the active ingredient and the species evaluated. Benomyl had the greatest inhibitory effect on mycelial growth, germination, and sporulation in both fungi, with the lowest conidial production values in B. bassiana (14.67 × 10⁶ conidia) and M. anisopliae (6.50 × 10⁶ conidia), compared with their respective controls (76.67 and 58.17 × 10⁶ conidia). In B. bassiana, fosetyl-Al showed a relatively favorable response, although sporulation was lower than that of the control (61.83 × 10⁶ conidia). In contrast, M. anisopliae showed greater tolerance to propineb (43.83 × 10⁶ conidia), propamocarb (41.67 × 10⁶ conidia), and azoxystrobin (39.00 × 10⁶ conidia), with values that did not differ statistically from the control (58.17 × 10⁶ conidia). Conidial germination was identified as one of the most sensitive parameters for detecting sublethal effects. Conclusion. Compatibility between fungicides and entomopathogenic fungi depends on both the mode of action of the active ingredient and the fungal species evaluated. In vitro assessment provides relevant information for selecting compatible inputs and strengthening agroecological pest management strategies aimed at more sustainable agricultural systems.
Introduction. Horticultural production in Costa Rica faces a high incidence of pests and diseases, which has increased the use of synthetic fungicides. At the same time, entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae represent a sustainable alternative within integrated pest management programs. However, their combined use with fungicides may generate interactions that affect their development and biological performance. Objective. To evaluate the compatibility of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana isolates with six fungicides commonly used in horticulture through in vitro assays of fungal viability and development. Materials and methods. The isolates BV-ECA-15 (B. bassiana) and MTR-ECA-01 (M. anisopliae) were tested against benomyl, propamocarb, fosetyl-Al, azoxystrobin, copper oxychloride, and propineb at recommended commercial doses, including a fungicide-free control. Mycelial growth on PDA medium, conidial germination, and sporulation capacity were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions with five replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) in RStudio. Results. Fungal response varied according to the active ingredient and the species evaluated. Benomyl had the greatest inhibitory effect on mycelial growth, germination, and sporulation in both fungi, with the lowest conidial production values in B. bassiana (14.67 × 10⁶ conidia) and M. anisopliae (6.50 × 10⁶ conidia), compared with their respective controls (76.67 and 58.17 × 10⁶ conidia). In B. bassiana, fosetyl-Al showed a relatively favorable response, although sporulation was lower than that of the control (61.83 × 10⁶ conidia). In contrast, M. anisopliae showed greater tolerance to propineb (43.83 × 10⁶ conidia), propamocarb (41.67 × 10⁶ conidia), and azoxystrobin (39.00 × 10⁶ conidia), with values that did not differ statistically from the control (58.17 × 10⁶ conidia). Conidial germination was identified as one of the most sensitive parameters for detecting sublethal effects. Conclusion. Compatibility between fungicides and entomopathogenic fungi depends on both the mode of action of the active ingredient and the fungal species evaluated. In vitro assessment provides relevant information for selecting compatible inputs and strengthening agroecological pest management strategies aimed at more sustainable agricultural systems.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Agronómica, modalidad: tesis
Palabras clave
CONTROL BIOLÓGICO, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, ENTOMOPATÓGENOS, ENTOMOPATHOGENS, HONGOS, FUNGI, FUNGICIDAS, FUNGICIDES, MANEJO DE PLAGAS, PEST MANAGEMENT, HORTALIZAS, VEGETABLES
