Identificación del agente causal de la enfermedad de la podredumbre de la corona de fresa (Fragaria x ananassa duch.), en tres zonas productoras, Costa Rica
Fecha
2024
Autores
Arroyo Vargas, Abelardo
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
En Costa Rica la fresa (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) destaca por ser un cultivo fuente de generación de divisas y continuo crecimiento económico, desarrollándose en pequeños sistemas productivos ubicados alrededor del valle central. En los últimos años ha sido afectado por la enfermedad de la podredumbre de la corona, la cual se caracteriza por síntomas de marchitamiento, clorosis y necrosis de la corona. Esta investigación llevo a cabo muestreos en plantaciones de San Pedro de Poás, Llano Grande y Vásquez de Coronado, en las cuales se efectuaron inspecciones fitosanitarias y la recolección de plantas que evidenciaran la sintomatología de la podredumbre de la corona. Por medio de análisis morfológicos y moleculares se diagnosticó el agente causal de la enfermedad. Además, se evaluó la patogenicidad de los aislamientos por medio de los postulados de Koch y la severidad de la sintomatología en plantas de fresa inoculadas con el agente causal. Por último, se realizaron pruebas in vitro para evaluar la capacidad antagónica de cepas de T. asperellum, T. viride y T. longibrachiatum, con medición de la competencia por sustrato y antibiosis. Con base a las inspecciones se encontraron incidencias de 11,67% a 25,33% en las plantaciones, siendo mayores en la localidad de San Pedro de Poás. A partir de los aislamientos de hongos provenientes del tejido vascular de corona, se identificó por su morfología y análisis molecular de la región TEF-1 al patógeno en todas las zonas de estudio. Todos los aislamientos lograron generar patogenicidad en las plantas de fresa inoculadas, con similar sintomatología de necrosis vascular y clorosis foliar vista en los primeros aislamientos, dónde el aislamiento NEO-C3 presentó la mayor severidad. En las pruebas duales, la competencia por sustrato se delimitó en la clase II según la escala utilizada para las tres especies de Trichoderma. El tiempo de contacto fue de 96 horas para T. asperellum y T. viride, en cambio fue más rápido para T. longibrachiatum en 72 horas. En tanto a la antibiosis, los porcentajes de inhibición de crecimiento (PIC) se establecieron entre 68,89% a 84,44%, dónde T. longibrachiatum mostró los mejores valores entre 77,50% a 81,80% con diferencias significativas en todos los enfrentamientos. Los resultados obtenidos permiten identificar al patógeno y a las cepas de Trichoderma utilizadas como posibles estrategias de manejo de la enfermedad.
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) in Costa Rica stands out for being a crop source of generation of currency and continuous economic growth, developing in small productive systems located around the central valley. In recent years it has been affected by crown rot disease, which is characterized by symptoms of wilting, chlorosis and crown necrosis. This research carried out in plantations of San Pedro de Poás, Llano Grande and Vásquez de Coronado, in which phytosanitary inspections and the collection of plants were carried out to show the symptoms of crown rot. Through morphological and molecular analyses, the causal agent of the disease was determined. In addition, the pathogenicity of the isolates was evaluated through Koch's postulates and the severity of the symptomatology in strawberry plants inoculated with the isolates. Finally, in vitro tests were performed to evaluate the antagonistic capacity of T. asperellum, T. viride and T. longibrachiatum, with measurement of competition by substrate and antibiosis. Based on the inspections, incidences of 11,67% to 25,33% were found in the plantations, being greater in the town of San Pedro de Poás. From the isolates of fungi from the vascular tissue of the crown, the pathogen was identified in all study areas due to its morphology and molecular analysis of the TEF-1 region. All the isolates managed to generate pathogenicity in the inoculated strawberry plants, with similar symptoms of vascular necrosis and foliar chlorosis seen in the first isolates, where the NEO-C3 insulation presented the greatest severity. In the dual tests, the substrate competition was delimited in class II according to the scale used for the three Trichoderma species. Contact time was 96 hours for T. asperellum and T. viride but was faster for T. longibrachiatum in 72 hours. As for antibiotics, growth inhibition percentages (PCI) were established between 68,89% and 84,44%, where T. longibrachiatum showed the best values between 77,50% and 81,80% with significant differences in all confrontations. The results obtained identify the causal agent of strawberry crown rot and Trichoderma strains used as possible disease management strategies.
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) in Costa Rica stands out for being a crop source of generation of currency and continuous economic growth, developing in small productive systems located around the central valley. In recent years it has been affected by crown rot disease, which is characterized by symptoms of wilting, chlorosis and crown necrosis. This research carried out in plantations of San Pedro de Poás, Llano Grande and Vásquez de Coronado, in which phytosanitary inspections and the collection of plants were carried out to show the symptoms of crown rot. Through morphological and molecular analyses, the causal agent of the disease was determined. In addition, the pathogenicity of the isolates was evaluated through Koch's postulates and the severity of the symptomatology in strawberry plants inoculated with the isolates. Finally, in vitro tests were performed to evaluate the antagonistic capacity of T. asperellum, T. viride and T. longibrachiatum, with measurement of competition by substrate and antibiosis. Based on the inspections, incidences of 11,67% to 25,33% were found in the plantations, being greater in the town of San Pedro de Poás. From the isolates of fungi from the vascular tissue of the crown, the pathogen was identified in all study areas due to its morphology and molecular analysis of the TEF-1 region. All the isolates managed to generate pathogenicity in the inoculated strawberry plants, with similar symptoms of vascular necrosis and foliar chlorosis seen in the first isolates, where the NEO-C3 insulation presented the greatest severity. In the dual tests, the substrate competition was delimited in class II according to the scale used for the three Trichoderma species. Contact time was 96 hours for T. asperellum and T. viride but was faster for T. longibrachiatum in 72 hours. As for antibiotics, growth inhibition percentages (PCI) were established between 68,89% and 84,44%, where T. longibrachiatum showed the best values between 77,50% and 81,80% with significant differences in all confrontations. The results obtained identify the causal agent of strawberry crown rot and Trichoderma strains used as possible disease management strategies.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Agronomía con énfasis en Agricultura Alternativa y la modalidad: artículo científico
Palabras clave
PLANTACIONES, PLANTATIONS, ENFERMEDADES DE PLANTAS, PLANT DISEASES, FITOPATOLOGIA, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, CULTIVO IN VITRO, IN VITRO CULTURE, HONGOS FITOPATÓGENOS, PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI, FRESA, STRAWBERRY, TRICHODERMA, HEREDIA (COSTA RICA)