Propuesta metodológica para la selección de colmenas de abejas africanizadas (Apis mellifera) bajo condiciones tropicales, como base para mejoramiento genético
Fecha
2025-12-15
Autores
Fernández Cabezas, Steven
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La apicultura es una actividad que genera ganancias económicas para la subsistencia de muchas familias, principalmente por la venta de miel y de subproductos. Los rendimientos productivos en la apicultura van a depender de varios factores como el ambiente, el manejo y la genética. Ante el problema de la abeja africanizada, los apicultores desean colmenas dóciles para facilitar el manejo, con resistencia a enfermedades y que presenten altos rendimientos productivos. El objetivo de este ensayo fue crear una metodología de selección de colmenas y someterla a evaluación en productividad de miel, comportamiento defensivo, conducta higiénica (CH) e infestación de Varroa destructor, de 17 colmenas ubicadas en la estación experimental del Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Transferencia Tecnológica (INTA) en Cañas Guanacaste, para seleccionar las tres colmenas con las evaluaciones más altas y que puedan ser utilizadas como pie de cría. Para esto se realizaron al menos tres mediciones por cada variable, y posteriormente se calculó el promedio. Se asignó un porcentaje de calificación de acuerdo a la importancia de cada una de las variables, tomando en consideración criterios discutidos con apicultores y especialistas, de este modo se pudo correlacionar el promedio obtenido de las mediciones, con el porcentaje asignado a cada variable de tal forma que se pudiera calcular un ponderado final por cada colmena. Además, se realizó un análisis de componentes principales (PCA), para asociar las variables entre las colmenas, y un índice de selección modificado para comprobar la evaluación general. Las colmenas que sobresalieron fueron la número 9 con una calificación de 77,3%, la número 15 con nota de 80,4% y finalmente la 17 con nota de 79,9%, por lo que fueron seleccionadas y recomendadas para la reproducción de reinas. Adicionalmente, las colmenas 8, 10 y 11 obtuvieron resultados aceptables en las variables de mansedumbre y conducta higiénica, por lo que se pueden considerar para la reproducción de zánganos. Con esta propuesta metodológica se logró seleccionar de una forma integral a las colmenas más productivas, las más dóciles y las que presentaron altos porcentajes de conducta higiénica, los cuales son criterios fundamentales en la apicultura de interés comercial.
Apiculture is an activity that generates economic income for the livelihood of many families, mainly by selling honey and its by-products. In fact, productive yields in apiculture will depend on a variety of factors, for example, the environment, its management, and genetics. Regarding the problem of Africanized bees, beekeepers desire more manageable beehives, increased resistance to diseases and enhanced honey production yields. The objective of this study was to create a methodology for selecting hives, through the evaluation of honey productivity, defensive behavior, hygienic behavior, and the Varroa destructor mite infestation of 17 beehives located in the experimental station at the National Institute of Research and Technology Transfer (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Transferencia Tecnológica, INTA), Cañas, Guanacaste, to select the three beehives with the highest scores, which can be used as broodstocks. To achieve this, at least three measurements were carried out per variable, and averaged. A percentage of the grade was assigned according to the importance of every variable, according to the criteria discussed with local beekeepers and beekeeping specialists. The obtained average of the measurements was correlated with the percentage assigned to every variable so that a final composite grade was calculated for every beehive. Also, a principal component analysis (PCA) to associate the variables among the beehives, and a modified index selection was carried out. Beehives number 9 (with 77,3%), 15 (with 80,4%), and 17 (with 79,9%) obtained the highest percentage. Therefore, these three beehives were selected and recommended for queen bee reproduction. Additionally, beehives (8), (10) and (11) stood out due to the meekness and hygienic behavior variables, thus can be taken into consideration for male brood reproduction. This methodological proposal made it possible to comprehensively select the most productive hives, the most docile, and those with high levels of hygienic behavior, which are fundamental criteria in commercial beekeeping.
Apiculture is an activity that generates economic income for the livelihood of many families, mainly by selling honey and its by-products. In fact, productive yields in apiculture will depend on a variety of factors, for example, the environment, its management, and genetics. Regarding the problem of Africanized bees, beekeepers desire more manageable beehives, increased resistance to diseases and enhanced honey production yields. The objective of this study was to create a methodology for selecting hives, through the evaluation of honey productivity, defensive behavior, hygienic behavior, and the Varroa destructor mite infestation of 17 beehives located in the experimental station at the National Institute of Research and Technology Transfer (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Transferencia Tecnológica, INTA), Cañas, Guanacaste, to select the three beehives with the highest scores, which can be used as broodstocks. To achieve this, at least three measurements were carried out per variable, and averaged. A percentage of the grade was assigned according to the importance of every variable, according to the criteria discussed with local beekeepers and beekeeping specialists. The obtained average of the measurements was correlated with the percentage assigned to every variable so that a final composite grade was calculated for every beehive. Also, a principal component analysis (PCA) to associate the variables among the beehives, and a modified index selection was carried out. Beehives number 9 (with 77,3%), 15 (with 80,4%), and 17 (with 79,9%) obtained the highest percentage. Therefore, these three beehives were selected and recommended for queen bee reproduction. Additionally, beehives (8), (10) and (11) stood out due to the meekness and hygienic behavior variables, thus can be taken into consideration for male brood reproduction. This methodological proposal made it possible to comprehensively select the most productive hives, the most docile, and those with high levels of hygienic behavior, which are fundamental criteria in commercial beekeeping.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Agronómica, modalidad: proyecto.
Palabras clave
APICULTURA, BEEKEPING, MIEL DE ABEJA, HONEY, ABEJAS AFRICANIZADAS, AFRICANIZED BEES, COLMENAS, BEESHOUSES, COMPORTAMIENTO APICOLA, BEE BEHAVIOR
