El significado de la lactancia humana en mujeres primíparas de Costa Rica: un estudio desde la psicología perinatal
Fecha
2024-07-02
Autores
Ulloa Jiménez, Annette
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los significados que sobre la lactancia humana tienen mujeres primíparas de Costa Rica.
Su propósito estuvo orientado a la escucha de la palabra de las madres sobre vivencias propias de su estado perinatal, en este caso la lactancia materna; misma que desde enfoques biomédicos ha sido histórica y patriarcalmente invisibilizada.
Dicho proceso de identificación y análisis partió de los aportes de la Psicología Perinatal y del modelo ecosistémico para la atención integral a la salud mental perinatal.
Metodológicamente se seleccionó el enfoque cualitativo con un diseño fenomenológico, ya que ambos permiten conocer los significados personales que los(as) sujetos atribuyen a sus experiencias desde la perspectiva de primera persona, se contó con la participación de 11 mujeres madres primíparas de distintas zonas de Costa Rica cuyas edades se encontraban entre los 20 y 29 años, como método de recolección de los datos se utilizó la entrevista a profundidad y el análisis de la información se realizó mediante el análisis fenomenológico de los datos.
Los principales hallazgos indican que con respecto a los conocimientos previos las madres consideraban la lactancia como una forma de alimentar a los bebés y un medio de apego, además creían que era un proceso doloroso y un deber ser de las madres.
Por otro lado con respecto a las vivencias personales junto a sus bebés, significan la lactancia en primer lugar desde la conexión y el vínculo más allá del acto de alimentar, asimismo significan la lactancia como dolorosa física y emocionalmente, la consideran además como un desafío y logro a partir de las múltiples situaciones que enfrentan, por otro lado manifiestan una fuerte necesidad de ser lactancia materna exclusiva y le atribuyen un gran valor del cuidado hacia sus hijos(as), entre otros.
Todos estos significados han sido analizados desde el marco teórico propuesto, mostrando aspectos psicosociales de importante atención en el periodo perinatal, además se permitió reconocer la importancia de la inserción de la psicología en un área que ha sido competencia de otras disciplinas que omiten el pensar y sentir de las madres.
The present study aimed to analyze the meanings that primiparous women in Costa Rica have about breastfeeding. Its purpose was to listen to the mothers' words about experiences of their perinatal state, in this case breastfeeding, which from biomedical approaches has been historically and patriarchally invisible. This identification and analysis process was based on the contributions of Perinatal Psychology and the ecosystemic model for comprehensive perinatal mental health care. Methodologically, the qualitative approach with a phenomenological design was selected, since both allow to know the personal meanings that the subjects attribute to their experiences from the first-person perspective. The participation of 11 first-time mothers from different areas of Costa Rica was counted on, whose ages were between 20 and 29 years. The data collection method was an in-depth interview and the analysis of the information was carried out through phenomenological analysis of the data. The main findings indicate that with respect to prior knowledge, mothers considered breastfeeding as a way to feed babies and a means of attachment, and they also believed that it was a painful process and a mother's duty. On the other hand, with respect to personal experiences with their babies, they mean breastfeeding first of all from the connection and bond beyond the act of feeding, they also mean breastfeeding as physically and emotionally painful, they also consider it as a challenge and achievement from the multiple situations they face, on the other hand, they express a strong need to be exclusive breastfeeding and attribute a great value to it in caring for their children, among others. All these meanings have been analyzed from the proposed theoretical framework, showing psychosocial aspects of important attention in the perinatal period, and it also allowed to recognize the importance of the insertion of psychology in an area that has been the responsibility of other disciplines that omit the thinking and feeling of mothers.
The present study aimed to analyze the meanings that primiparous women in Costa Rica have about breastfeeding. Its purpose was to listen to the mothers' words about experiences of their perinatal state, in this case breastfeeding, which from biomedical approaches has been historically and patriarchally invisible. This identification and analysis process was based on the contributions of Perinatal Psychology and the ecosystemic model for comprehensive perinatal mental health care. Methodologically, the qualitative approach with a phenomenological design was selected, since both allow to know the personal meanings that the subjects attribute to their experiences from the first-person perspective. The participation of 11 first-time mothers from different areas of Costa Rica was counted on, whose ages were between 20 and 29 years. The data collection method was an in-depth interview and the analysis of the information was carried out through phenomenological analysis of the data. The main findings indicate that with respect to prior knowledge, mothers considered breastfeeding as a way to feed babies and a means of attachment, and they also believed that it was a painful process and a mother's duty. On the other hand, with respect to personal experiences with their babies, they mean breastfeeding first of all from the connection and bond beyond the act of feeding, they also mean breastfeeding as physically and emotionally painful, they also consider it as a challenge and achievement from the multiple situations they face, on the other hand, they express a strong need to be exclusive breastfeeding and attribute a great value to it in caring for their children, among others. All these meanings have been analyzed from the proposed theoretical framework, showing psychosocial aspects of important attention in the perinatal period, and it also allowed to recognize the importance of the insertion of psychology in an area that has been the responsibility of other disciplines that omit the thinking and feeling of mothers.
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Palabras clave
PSICOLOGÍA AFECTIVA, AFFECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY, SALUD MENTAL, MENTAL HEALTH, LACTANCIA, LACTATION, MADRES, MOTHERS, PSICOLOGÍA, PSYCHOLOGY