Análisis de las denuncias ciudadanas interpuestas en el sistema integrado de trámite y atención de denuncias ambientales (SITADA) como indicador de la contaminación por olores molestos en Costa Rica
Fecha
2019-11-26
Autores
Vetrani Chavaria, Karla
Campos Morales, Sherryl Viviana
Murrell, Manfred
Montero Sánchez, Ernesto
Bermúdez Hidalgo, Ligia
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Editor
Olores.org
Resumen
Las emisiones de olores son uno de los principales problemas de contaminación ambiental en el mundo. Hecho que los coloca como contaminantes ambientales y, en consecuencia, en un tema de salud pública. El presente estudio expone un análisis de la situación ambiental de malos olores en Costa Rica partiendo de las denuncias de la ciudadanía interpuestas mediante el Sistema Integrado de Denuncias Ambientales (SITADA), según disposición del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, con el objetivo de identificar las zonas críticas de contaminación odorífera. Durante el período 2013-2018 hubo un total de 304 reportes relacionados con aguas residuales (34 %), combustión (17 %), residuos sólidos (16 %) y animales (13 %). Algunas de las fuentes de emisión identificadas corresponden a plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, cuerpos de agua, chimeneas, quemas, rellenos sanitarios, vertederos de residuos y granjas. A partir del análisis espacial realizado en un Sistema de Información Geográfica se determinó que un 74 % de los cantones del país registran al menos una denuncia, siendo Alajuela, Grecia, San Carlos, Pococí, Desamparados, Escazú y San José, las zonas con mayor conflictividad por contaminación odorífera. Los resultados del estudio evidencian la ausencia de regulación nacional al respecto, pues en la actualidad las denuncias son resueltas cuando la fuente emisora se relaciona a algún tipo de contaminación reglamentada, por ejemplo, vertido y reúso de aguas residuales, emisión de contaminantes atmosféricos, y gestión integral de residuos sólidos. Lo anterior justifica la necesidad de generar políticas y directrices que faciliten a las autoridades la gestión de los olores como variable ambiental independiente, incluyendo prevención, medición, monitoreo y tratamiento.
Odor emissions are one of the main problems of environmental pollution in the world. Fact that places them as environmental pollutants and consequently, in a public health issue. This study presents an analysis of the environmental situation of odors in Costa Rica based on citizen complaints filed through the Integrated System of Environmental Complaints (SITADA), according to the Ministry of Environment and Energy, in order to identify critical areas of odorific pollution. During the 2013-2018 period there were a total of 304 reports related to wastewater (34%), combustion (17%), solid waste (16%) and animals (13%). Some of the sources of emission identified correspond to wastewater treatment plants, bodies of water, chimneys, fires, landfills, waste dumps and farms. From the spatial analysis carried out in a Geographic Information System it was determined that 74% of the cantons of the country register at least one complaint, being Alajuela, Grecia, San Carlos, Pococí, Desamparados, Escazú and San José, the areas with the highest conflict due to odor pollution. The results of the study show the absence of national regulation in this regard, because now the complaints are resolved when the issuing source is related to some type of regulated pollution, for example, discharge and reuse of wastewater, emission of air pollutants, and integral management of solid waste. This justifies the need to generate policies and guidelines that facilitate the management of odors as an independent environmental variable, including prevention, measurement, monitoring and treatment.
Odor emissions are one of the main problems of environmental pollution in the world. Fact that places them as environmental pollutants and consequently, in a public health issue. This study presents an analysis of the environmental situation of odors in Costa Rica based on citizen complaints filed through the Integrated System of Environmental Complaints (SITADA), according to the Ministry of Environment and Energy, in order to identify critical areas of odorific pollution. During the 2013-2018 period there were a total of 304 reports related to wastewater (34%), combustion (17%), solid waste (16%) and animals (13%). Some of the sources of emission identified correspond to wastewater treatment plants, bodies of water, chimneys, fires, landfills, waste dumps and farms. From the spatial analysis carried out in a Geographic Information System it was determined that 74% of the cantons of the country register at least one complaint, being Alajuela, Grecia, San Carlos, Pococí, Desamparados, Escazú and San José, the areas with the highest conflict due to odor pollution. The results of the study show the absence of national regulation in this regard, because now the complaints are resolved when the issuing source is related to some type of regulated pollution, for example, discharge and reuse of wastewater, emission of air pollutants, and integral management of solid waste. This justifies the need to generate policies and guidelines that facilitate the management of odors as an independent environmental variable, including prevention, measurement, monitoring and treatment.
Descripción
Palabras clave
OLORES, CONTAMINACIÓN, MANEJO AMBIENTAL, POLÍTICA AMBIENTAL, ODORS, POLLUTION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY