Política industrial y competitividad: Un enfoque de cadena de valor aplicado a la rama cacao, chocolates y confitería (3119)
Fecha
1998-03
Autores
Carmona Segnini, Ana Cristina
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La economía internacional se encuentra en un periodo de acelerada transformación, la cual
sintéticamente ha sido caracterizada como de globalización o de mundialización. Esto
supone un ensanchamiento inusitado del comercio y las opciones que éste ofrece, así
como nuevos retos a los agentes económicos y a la política industrial.
Con este nuevo contexto en perspectiva, el propósito de este trabajo es examinar el
desenvolvimiento competitivo de una rama de la industria costarricense, precisamente
ubicada dentro del sector alimentario, a saber, la rama de "Cacao, chocolates y confitería";
la 3119 según la Clasificación Internacional Industrial Uniforme - CHU.
Esta rama representa una potencialidad de desarrollo importante, ya que este tipo de
productos está ganando espacio en los mercados internacionales. Sin embargo, este
subsector nacional ha perdido participación en esos mercados. Ello motivó a hacer un
estudio del potencial que tienen las empresas grandes, medianas y pequeñas de la
industria del chocolate y la confitería nacionales para alcanzar estándares de competitividad internacionalmente aceptables, así como de mantener y/o mejorar su posición dentro del
mercado interno, esto es, no ser desplazados en su propio reducto.
El marco teórico que sustenta este trabajo es la discusión moderna sobre la competitividad
de las firmas y las naciones. En atención al estudio "intra-firma" se asumió el enfoque de
"Cadena de Valor" elaborado por Michael Porter (1991a) que nos remite al proceso
mediante el cual se da la agregación de valor al producto. Este análisis se realizó mediante una encuesta a firmas del sector en cuestión. La visión microeconómica se complementó
con el estudio de los determinantes de la competitividad que también propone Porter
(1991b). Este enfoque, que identifica los elementos del entorno que tienen mayor incidencia en la configuración de la competitividad, es compatible con la propuesta cepalina de
transformación productiva con equidad (CEPAL,1990). Por su parte, la aplicación del
"Competitive Analisys of Nations" -CAN- para Costa Rica, los países centroamericanos y
los principales competidores a nivel mundial, proporcionó el panorama competitivo del
subsector en estudio. La información recopilada correspondió al periodo 1994 - 1997.En este estudio se concluye que el potencial competitivo que presentan las empresas de la
rama 3119 es diferenciable por categoría económica. En todos los casos su desarrollo se
ha visto entorpecido por obstáculos presentes en su entorno, en la realidad intrafirma y en
la política económica. Ante este diagnóstico, se propone la necesidad de una política
industrial coordinada entre los diferentes actores que intervienen en el proceso. Se trata en
suma, de diseñar una política industrial que persiga una verdadera competitividad para los
sectores productivos, que atienda las especificidades por categoría empresarial y que
considere los márgenes que le ofrece la realidad nacional e internacional, en el marco de
una negociación dinámica.
The international economy is in a period of accelerated transformation, which has been synthetically characterized as globalization or globalization. This implies an unusual expansion of trade and the options it offers, as well as new challenges for economic agents and industrial policy. With this new context in perspective, the purpose of this paper is to examine the competitive development of a branch of the Costa Rican industry, precisely located within the food sector, namely, the branch of "Cacao, chocolates and confectionery"; 3119 according to the International Standard Industrial Classification - CHU. This branch represents significant development potential, since this type of product is gaining space in international markets. However, this national subsector has lost share in these markets. This motivated a study of the potential of large, medium and small companies in the national chocolate and confectionery industry to achieve internationally acceptable standards of competitiveness, as well as to maintain and/or improve their position within the domestic market, this is, not to be displaced in their own redoubt. The theoretical framework that supports this work is the modern discussion on the competitiveness of firms and nations. In response to the "intra-firm" study, the "Value Chain" approach developed by Michael Porter (1991a) was assumed, which refers us to the process by which value is added to the product. This analysis was carried out through a survey of firms in the sector in question. The microeconomic view was complemented by the study of the determinants of competitiveness also proposed by Porter (1991b). This approach, which identifies the elements of the environment that have the greatest impact on the configuration of competitiveness, is compatible with ECLAC's proposal for productive transformation with equity (ECLAC, 1990). For its part, the application of the "Competitive Analysis of Nations" -CAN- for Costa Rica, the Central American countries and the main competitors worldwide, provided the competitive panorama of the subsector under study. The information collected corresponded to the period 1994 - 1997. This study concludes that the competitive potential of the companies in the 3119 branch is differentiable by economic category. In all cases, their development has been hampered by obstacles present in their environment, in the intra-firm reality and in economic policy. Given this diagnosis, the need for a coordinated industrial policy between the different actors involved in the process is proposed. In short, it is about designing an industrial policy that pursues true competitiveness for the productive sectors, that attends to the specificities by business category and that considers the margins offered by the national and international reality, within the framework of a dynamic negotiation.
The international economy is in a period of accelerated transformation, which has been synthetically characterized as globalization or globalization. This implies an unusual expansion of trade and the options it offers, as well as new challenges for economic agents and industrial policy. With this new context in perspective, the purpose of this paper is to examine the competitive development of a branch of the Costa Rican industry, precisely located within the food sector, namely, the branch of "Cacao, chocolates and confectionery"; 3119 according to the International Standard Industrial Classification - CHU. This branch represents significant development potential, since this type of product is gaining space in international markets. However, this national subsector has lost share in these markets. This motivated a study of the potential of large, medium and small companies in the national chocolate and confectionery industry to achieve internationally acceptable standards of competitiveness, as well as to maintain and/or improve their position within the domestic market, this is, not to be displaced in their own redoubt. The theoretical framework that supports this work is the modern discussion on the competitiveness of firms and nations. In response to the "intra-firm" study, the "Value Chain" approach developed by Michael Porter (1991a) was assumed, which refers us to the process by which value is added to the product. This analysis was carried out through a survey of firms in the sector in question. The microeconomic view was complemented by the study of the determinants of competitiveness also proposed by Porter (1991b). This approach, which identifies the elements of the environment that have the greatest impact on the configuration of competitiveness, is compatible with ECLAC's proposal for productive transformation with equity (ECLAC, 1990). For its part, the application of the "Competitive Analysis of Nations" -CAN- for Costa Rica, the Central American countries and the main competitors worldwide, provided the competitive panorama of the subsector under study. The information collected corresponded to the period 1994 - 1997. This study concludes that the competitive potential of the companies in the 3119 branch is differentiable by economic category. In all cases, their development has been hampered by obstacles present in their environment, in the intra-firm reality and in economic policy. Given this diagnosis, the need for a coordinated industrial policy between the different actors involved in the process is proposed. In short, it is about designing an industrial policy that pursues true competitiveness for the productive sectors, that attends to the specificities by business category and that considers the margins offered by the national and international reality, within the framework of a dynamic negotiation.
Descripción
Palabras clave
POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, CACAO, CHOCOLATES, CONFITERÍA, ECONOMIA