Actores y resistencias sociales en el Nororiente colombiano: alternativas al desarrollo
Fecha
2017
Autores
Martínez Pineda, Elizabeth
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Parto de la tesis de que el modelo capitalista está en su fase final, que la cúspide de su desarrollo es también su desintegración. La característica de esta crisis es que, como lo señala Wallerstein, no es ciclo de larga duración; es una crisis civilizatoria. Lo que se produce es una bifurcación, una irremediable ruptura. La crisis del modelo nos reafirma en la esperanza de ese otro mundo posible, donde la economía es una decisión de la sociedad y no del mercado; la naturaleza, un bien común no una mercancía; los saberes ancestrales de comunidades indígenas, negras, son conocimientos y no mitos, analfabetismo y atraso. Este modelo de desarrollo capitalista que se constituyó como norma universal, como una ideología, tiene grandes fisuras y su mayor desarrollo es también su punto de colapso. Las evidencias de la crisis civilizatoria, la capacidad de destrucción o autodestrucción que ha generado para sobrevivir hoy ponen en riesgo la vida misma del planeta. Nos encontramos, por un lado, frente a los límites de la apropiación de la naturaleza, expresados en la des-ruralización del mundo y la catástrofe ecológica que vivimos: la privatización de recursos naturales, progresivo agotamiento de los bienes comunes, cambios climáticos, destrucción de bosques. Harvey señala como una de las contradicciones peligrosas del capitalismo “la relación del capital con la naturaleza” (2014, p. 16), evidenciando cómo el capital siempre ha encontrado la manera de resolver las grandes contradicciones de daños ambientales con tecnología, que después genera más daños que vuelve a resolver con más tecnología. El capital ha vuelto los asuntos medio ambientales en una gran área de actividad empresarial (Harvey, 2014, p. 243). Para controlar la naturaleza el capital primero la vuelve mercancía: bonos de carbono, derechos de propiedad, derechos de emisión; derechos de contaminación y las compensaciones ecológicas, venta de servicios ambientales, privatización de los ríos haciendo concesiones. De este modo, los individuos privados son libres de extraer riqueza social de su propiedad, en una naturaleza mercantilizada (Harvey, 2014, p. 245), así alguien se apropia de lo que todos necesitamos para vivir. Por otro lado, en los límites de la mercantilización y desposesión de los seres humanos, se reconoce: la expulsión de poblaciones, precarización laboral y crecimiento del empleo informal, política social residual orientada desde la retórica del capital humano y supresión de derechos sobre bienes comunes. Una de las mayores dificultades para pensar otros modelos de vida está en los conceptos de desarrollo y progreso; la de-construcción del concepto de “desarrollo” como un continuum al que se llega de manera lineal, después de pasar ciertos estadios y de cumplir ciertos requisitos. Este concepto está enraizado en la mente y la cultura y es aplicado en las distintas dimensiones de las personas y la sociedad. Es por ello que a pesar del incumplimiento sucesivo de las promesas de bienestar, el modelo capitalista logra mantener la ilusión de un futuro mejor, en parte porque el mismo modelo se ha ido encargando de encontrar desde adentro las soluciones ―no reales― a los problemas. El modelo ha ido naturalizando unos procesos que son básicos para su reproducción y que hacen parecer que ese es el único orden social posible. La idea de que todo se puede vender está relacionada con la mercantilización de la naturaleza, expresada hoy en la propuesta de capitalismo verde. La economía verde se traduce, entre otras, en bonos de carbono, venta de servicios ambientales y privatización de los ríos haciendo concesiones. El consumismo como proceso cultural, donde la naturaleza es un objeto a aprovechar para lograr el desarrollo. En este contexto y por estas razones es vital hoy re-construir los argumentos, visibilizar las falacias y evidenciar los resultados nefastos de su permanencia, pero al tiempo presentar las nuevas propuestas, alternativas al desarrollo como la del “buen vivir” e identificar la importancia de construir otra racionalidad, basada en otros principios y valores, más allá del llamado desarrollo; procesos como el pos-extractivismo, los derechos de la naturaleza, los Estados plurinacionales, las sociedades interculturales, la economía comunitaria, son procesos que van mostrando nuevas prácticas sociales productivas y de comercialización que tienen algunas comunidades, que aún invisibilizadas, están mostrando que hay otras maneras de hacer, otras formas de construir el orden social más posible y más cercano a las bases y a los excluidos. Construir como señala Boaventura de Sousa Santos una epistemología desde el Sur, producir un conocimiento de otro modo, hacer visible lo que se ha invisibilizado y desvalorizado, reconocer y visibilizar esas otras realidades, que encarnan otras racionalidades, económicas, sociales, culturales que han sobrevivido y son válidas; socializar los aprendizajes y las estrategias de defensa del territorio: disminuir la pérdida de la biodiversidad, la deforestación, restaurar los ecosistemas de los territorios, trabajar por el derecho de los campesinos, indígenas a permanecer en su territorio. La protección de organizaciones indígenas, raciales, defensa de la integridad de la vida y fortalecimiento de formas propias de gobierno y comunidades autónomas.Asimismo, se requiere potenciar la capacidades en comunidades para que se definan a sí mismas, logren fijar sus normas de existencia y convivencia, es decir modos propios de existencia que les permita diseñarse a sí mismos en su diversidad y heterogeneidad y su entramado comunitario; éstas son las maneras de seguir construyendo ese otro mundo mejor posible.
I start from the thesis that the capitalist model is in its final phase, that the peak of its development is also its disintegration. The characteristic of this crisis is that, as Wallerstein points out, it is not a long-term cycle; it is a civilizational crisis. What is produced is a bifurcation, an irremediable rupture.The crisis of the model reaffirms our hope for another possible world, where the economy is a decision of society and not of the market; nature is a common good and not a commodity; the ancestral knowledge of indigenous and black communities is knowledge and not myths, illiteracy and backwardness. This model of capitalist development, which has become a universal norm, like an ideology, has great fissures and its greatest development is also its point of collapse. The evidence of the civilizational crisis, the capacity for destruction or self-destruction that it has generated in order to survive, today puts the very life of the planet at risk.We find ourselves, on the one hand, facing the limits of the appropriation of nature, expressed in the de-ruralization of the world and the ecological catastrophe we are experiencing: the privatization of natural resources, progressive depletion of common goods, climate change, destruction of forests.Harvey points out as one of the dangerous contradictions of capitalism “the relationship of capital with nature” (2014, p. 16), evidencing how capital has always found a way to solve the great contradictions of environmental damage with technology, which then generates more damage that it solves again with more technology. Capital has turned environmental issues into a great area of business activity (Harvey, 2014, p. 243). To control nature, capital first turns it into a commodity: carbon credits, property rights, emission rights; pollution rights and ecological offsets, sale of environmental services, privatization of rivers by making concessions. In this way, private individuals are free to extract social wealth from their property, in a commodified nature (Harvey, 2014, p. 245), thus someone appropriates what we all need to live. On the other hand, in the limits of the commodification and dispossession of human beings, we recognize: the expulsion of populations, labor precariousness and growth of informal employment, residual social policy oriented from the rhetoric of human capital and suppression of rights on common goods. On the other hand, in the limits of the commodification and dispossession of human beings, we recognize: the expulsion of populations, labor precariousness and growth of informal employment, residual social policy oriented from the rhetoric of human capital and suppression of rights on common goods. One of the greatest difficulties in thinking about other models of life lies in the concepts of development and progress; the deconstruction of the concept of “development” as a continuum that is reached in a linear manner, after passing through certain stages and meeting certain requirements. This concept is rooted in the mind and culture and is applied in the different dimensions of people and society. This is why, despite the successive failure to fulfill the promises of welfare, the capitalist model manages to maintain the illusion of a better future, partly because the model itself has been in charge of finding solutions - not real ones - to the problems from within. The model has been naturalizing processes that are basic for its reproduction and that make it seem that this is the only possible social order. The idea that everything can be sold is related to the commodification of nature, expressed today in the proposal of green capitalism. The green economy translates, among other things, into carbon credits, the sale of environmental services and the privatization of rivers through concessions. Consumerism as a cultural process, where nature is an object to be exploited to achieve development. In this context and for these reasons, it is vital today to reconstruct the arguments, make visible the fallacies and evidence the harmful results of their permanence, but at the same time present new proposals, alternatives to development such as “good living” and identify the importance of building another rationality, based on other principles and values, beyond the so-called development; processes such as post-extractivism, the rights of nature, plurinational states, intercultural societies, community economy, are processes that are showing new social, productive and commercialization practices that some communities have, which, although invisible, are showing that there are other ways of doing, other ways of building a social order that is more possible and closer to the grassroots and the excluded. To build, as Boaventura de Sousa Santos points out, an epistemology from the South, to produce knowledge in a different way, to make visible what has been made invisible and devalued, to recognize and make visible those other realities that embody other economic, social and cultural rationalities that have survived and are valid; to socialize the lessons learned and strategies for the defense of the territory: to reduce the loss of biodiversity, deforestation, restore the ecosystems of the territories, to work for the right of peasants and indigenous peoples to remain in their territory. The protection of indigenous and racial organizations, the defense of the integrity of life and the strengthening of their own forms of government and autonomous communities. Likewise, it is necessary to strengthen the capacities of communities to define themselves, to establish their own rules of existence and coexistence, that is to say, their own ways of existence that allow them to design themselves in their diversity and heterogeneity and their community framework; these are the ways to continue building that other possible better world.
I start from the thesis that the capitalist model is in its final phase, that the peak of its development is also its disintegration. The characteristic of this crisis is that, as Wallerstein points out, it is not a long-term cycle; it is a civilizational crisis. What is produced is a bifurcation, an irremediable rupture.The crisis of the model reaffirms our hope for another possible world, where the economy is a decision of society and not of the market; nature is a common good and not a commodity; the ancestral knowledge of indigenous and black communities is knowledge and not myths, illiteracy and backwardness. This model of capitalist development, which has become a universal norm, like an ideology, has great fissures and its greatest development is also its point of collapse. The evidence of the civilizational crisis, the capacity for destruction or self-destruction that it has generated in order to survive, today puts the very life of the planet at risk.We find ourselves, on the one hand, facing the limits of the appropriation of nature, expressed in the de-ruralization of the world and the ecological catastrophe we are experiencing: the privatization of natural resources, progressive depletion of common goods, climate change, destruction of forests.Harvey points out as one of the dangerous contradictions of capitalism “the relationship of capital with nature” (2014, p. 16), evidencing how capital has always found a way to solve the great contradictions of environmental damage with technology, which then generates more damage that it solves again with more technology. Capital has turned environmental issues into a great area of business activity (Harvey, 2014, p. 243). To control nature, capital first turns it into a commodity: carbon credits, property rights, emission rights; pollution rights and ecological offsets, sale of environmental services, privatization of rivers by making concessions. In this way, private individuals are free to extract social wealth from their property, in a commodified nature (Harvey, 2014, p. 245), thus someone appropriates what we all need to live. On the other hand, in the limits of the commodification and dispossession of human beings, we recognize: the expulsion of populations, labor precariousness and growth of informal employment, residual social policy oriented from the rhetoric of human capital and suppression of rights on common goods. On the other hand, in the limits of the commodification and dispossession of human beings, we recognize: the expulsion of populations, labor precariousness and growth of informal employment, residual social policy oriented from the rhetoric of human capital and suppression of rights on common goods. One of the greatest difficulties in thinking about other models of life lies in the concepts of development and progress; the deconstruction of the concept of “development” as a continuum that is reached in a linear manner, after passing through certain stages and meeting certain requirements. This concept is rooted in the mind and culture and is applied in the different dimensions of people and society. This is why, despite the successive failure to fulfill the promises of welfare, the capitalist model manages to maintain the illusion of a better future, partly because the model itself has been in charge of finding solutions - not real ones - to the problems from within. The model has been naturalizing processes that are basic for its reproduction and that make it seem that this is the only possible social order. The idea that everything can be sold is related to the commodification of nature, expressed today in the proposal of green capitalism. The green economy translates, among other things, into carbon credits, the sale of environmental services and the privatization of rivers through concessions. Consumerism as a cultural process, where nature is an object to be exploited to achieve development. In this context and for these reasons, it is vital today to reconstruct the arguments, make visible the fallacies and evidence the harmful results of their permanence, but at the same time present new proposals, alternatives to development such as “good living” and identify the importance of building another rationality, based on other principles and values, beyond the so-called development; processes such as post-extractivism, the rights of nature, plurinational states, intercultural societies, community economy, are processes that are showing new social, productive and commercialization practices that some communities have, which, although invisible, are showing that there are other ways of doing, other ways of building a social order that is more possible and closer to the grassroots and the excluded. To build, as Boaventura de Sousa Santos points out, an epistemology from the South, to produce knowledge in a different way, to make visible what has been made invisible and devalued, to recognize and make visible those other realities that embody other economic, social and cultural rationalities that have survived and are valid; to socialize the lessons learned and strategies for the defense of the territory: to reduce the loss of biodiversity, deforestation, restore the ecosystems of the territories, to work for the right of peasants and indigenous peoples to remain in their territory. The protection of indigenous and racial organizations, the defense of the integrity of life and the strengthening of their own forms of government and autonomous communities. Likewise, it is necessary to strengthen the capacities of communities to define themselves, to establish their own rules of existence and coexistence, that is to say, their own ways of existence that allow them to design themselves in their diversity and heterogeneity and their community framework; these are the ways to continue building that other possible better world.
Descripción
Doctora en Ciencias Sociales
Palabras clave
MODELOS ECONÓMICOS, ECONOMIC MODELS, DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL, CAPITALISMO, CAPITALISM, NEOLIBERALISMO, NEOLIBERALISM